CAVE FAUNAS 207 



rathbuni) of similar characters. The same type of 

 adaptation also reappears among the cave fish, which 

 have been especially studied in the Mammoth Cave of 

 Kentucky. One of the most interesting found there is 

 Amblyopsis spelaea, which is white in colour, and has 

 concealed eyes. To make up for the loss of the eyes 

 the head is furnished with a great number of tactile 

 papillae. 



Of other cave animals the most important are Crus- 

 tacea, especially isopods, e.g. Titanethes albus, which 

 has no eyes, and insects, notably beetles, e.g. Adelops 

 and Bathyscia, also some spiders, myriapods, and a few 

 moUuscs, the tendency to lose eyes and the pigmenta- 

 tion of the skin being well marked. 



Refbbenoes. The first volume of the scientific results of the Bathy- 

 metrical Survey of the Scottish Fresh-water Lochs, conducted under the 

 direction of Sir John Murray and Laurence Pullar (Edinburgh, 1910), 

 contains several articles dealing with the fauna of lakes, as well as 

 detailed lists of the organisms found in the Scottish Lochs. This volume 

 gives also a detailed bibliography of limnological literature. The account 

 of the fauna of Lake Balaton given in the text is based upon the Besultate 

 der wissenschafiliehen Erforschung des Balatonsees, herausgegeben von 

 der Balatonsee-Commission der Ungarischen Geographischen Gesellschaft 

 (Vienna, 1906). A full account of the fauna of Lake Tanganyika is 

 given in The Tanganyika Problem, by J. E. Moore (London, 1903). 

 Other references to the same subject will be found in the bibliography 

 mentioned above. Many of the general works already mentioned also 

 discuss fresh-water faunas, and to them may be added Eorel's Handbuch 

 der Seenhunde (Stuttgart, 1901), and the same author's large work on 

 Lake Geneva (Le Leman : Monographie limnologique, 1892-1904, Lau- 

 sanne), and Die Tier- und Pflanzenwdt des Susswassers, by Dr. Otto 

 Zaoharias and others (Leipzig, 1891). See also articles on the river 

 mussels, &c., of South America in Archhelenis u. Archinotis, by Hermann 

 von Ihering (Leipzig, 1907). Kobelt's book (cf. p. 35) has an interest- 

 ing chapter on cave faunas. See also Semper's Conditions of Existence 

 as they affect Animal Life (London, 1881). The blind fish of the Kentucky 

 cave are discussed by Putnam {Amer. Nat. 1872). 



