ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS 215 



Now it is obvious that these two realms are large 

 and unwieldy divisions. They are therefore in their 

 turn subdivided into regions. Taking the Arctogaeic 

 realm first, we find that it may be subdivided into the 

 following regions : (1) the Holarctic, including the 

 whole of temperate Europe, Asia, and North America ; 

 (2) the Oriental, including India south of the Hima- 

 layas, Further India, and parts of the Malay Archi- 

 pelago ; (3) the Ethiopian, including Africa south of 

 the Atlas and Sahara desert. To these many would 

 add a fourth region for the island of Madagascar, whose 

 fauna is so strikingly different that it may well form 

 (4) the Malagasy region. But while the fauna of the 

 Oriental region shows many resemblances to that of 

 the Holarctic region, the differences being largely 

 attributable to differences of climate, Africa, in the 

 characters already mentioned, is strikingly dissimilar, 

 and approaches the South American and Australian 

 regions. Without pursuing this point further, we may 

 note that some authorities separate it on this account 

 from the Arctogaeic realm. 



Again, the Notogaeic realm obviously falls into two 

 regions : (5) the western or Neotropical, and (6) the 

 eastern or Australian. 



This classification may be summed up in tabular 

 form as foUows : 



ARCTOGAEIC REALM. 



(1) Holarctic region [sometimes divided into an 

 eastern (Palaearctic) and a western (Nearctic) sub- 

 region]. 



(2) Oriental region. 



(3) Ethiopian region. 



(4) Malagasy region. 



