TUMORS 95 



In the bitch the stone may be discovered by th«- 

 catheter striking it; in the 'dog, rectal examination 

 will make the diagnosis positive. 



Treatment. — The treatment is purely surgical and 

 is described on page 213. As cystitis is nearly 

 always associated with vesical calculi the treatment 

 given for that condition should be followed until 

 the calculus is removed surgically and the cystitis 

 overcome. 



Retroflexion 



In this condition the bladder is turned backwards 

 toward the perineal region, often causing it to bulge 

 outward (perineal hernia), and sometimes twisted 

 at its neck. 



Causes. — Retroflexion of the bladder may be pro- 

 duced by a prolonged distention of the bladder, with 

 consequent attenuation and weakening of its walls. 

 New growths (pressure), prostatitis, tumors of the 

 prostate gland, constipation, and trauma are further 

 causes. 



Symptoms. — This condition results in partial or 

 complete retention of urine, with its accompanying 

 symptoms. If twist has taken place the catheter 

 cannot be passed. Rectal examination reveals the 

 malposition of the bladder, the condition of the 

 prostate, and the occurrence of new growths in the 

 immediate neighborhood. If perineal hernia exists 

 the contents of the hernial sac may be ascertained 

 by puncture, and thus the diagnosis positively made. 



Treatment. — This is entirely surgical, and is de- 

 scribed on page 217. 



Tumors 



The new growths of the bladder most commonly 

 met with are papilloma, sarcoma, carcinoma, myx- 

 oma, and fibroma. They may occur either outside 

 or inside the bladder wall. 



