48 SURVEYS OF FOBEST KESERVES. 



PASTUBAGE. 



The regulation of pasturage must be developed along lines which 

 will vary considerably from one reserve to another, or even within 

 smaller limits. As an example of a set of rules admirably adapted to 

 the region for which it is intended, I wish to quote that proposed for 

 the Cascade Eange Eeserve by Mr. Coville, Botanist of the Department 

 of Agricnlture. who spent the field season just ended in an investigation 

 of sheep grazing in westernOregon. These regulations are here adduced 

 in illustration of the general direction which should be followed, not as 

 applicable to all the reserves. As Mr. Coville is careful to indicate, 

 their success must depend on the character of the forest ofl&cers by 

 whom they are applied. They are as follows : 



1. Exclude sheep from specified are,as about Mount Hood and Crater 

 Lake. 



2. Limit the sheep to be grazed in the reserve to a specified number, 

 based on the number customarily grazed there. 



3. Issue five-year permits allowing an owner to graze on a specified 

 tract, limiting the number of sheep to be grazed on that tract, and give 

 the owner the exclusive grazing right. 



4. Eequire as a condition of each permit that the owner use every 

 effort to prevent and to extinguish fires on his tract, and report in fnU 

 the cause, extent, and other circumstances connected with each fire. 



5. Eeserve the right to terminate a permit immediately if convinced 

 that the owner is not showing good faith in the protection of the 

 forests. 



6. In the allotm nt of tracts secure the cooperation of the Wool- 

 growers' Association of Crook, Sherman, and Wasco counties through 

 a commission ot three stockmen, who shall receive written applications 

 for range, adjudicate them, and make recommendations, these recom- 

 mendations to be received by the forest officer and finally passed upon 

 by the Secretary of the Interior. 



7. Ask the county associations to bear the expense of the commission. 

 S. Charge the cost of administration of the system to the owners in 



the form of lees for the permits. 



9. If the woolgrowers decline to accept and to cooperate in the pro- 

 posed system, exclude sheep absolutely from the reserve. 



10. If after five years' trial of the system forest tires continue 

 unchecked, exclude sheep thereafter from the reserve. 



CTJTTUfG. 



The object of forest operations in any reserve should be to harvest 

 the largest amount of timber consistent with steady improvement in 

 the fertility and usefulness of the forest. The details of the work must 

 vary to meet the requuements of each individual case, but the first 

 step must always be the preparation of a careful plan to govern the 

 distribution of the cutting and the selection of the trees to fall. 

 Special regulations should then control the mechanical work of cutting 

 and transportation within the forest, so that the reproduction of the 

 more valuable kinds of trees may be secured. Each tree has habits 

 and requirements of its own, and upon these depend the effects of cut- 

 ting on the reproduction of the species. A working plan prepared with 

 a knowledge of these peculiarities may insure the safety and prosperity 

 of a forest while yielding more timber than would be obtained und«r 

 another plan which would lead to its impoverishment and destruction. 



