SURVEYS OP FOREST RESERVES. 79 



will be needed to prevent the hemlock in certain places from driving 

 out other and more valuable kinds of trees. 



Water transportation is ample and available on the west, but less so 

 to the east. The Great Northern Eailroad gives access to markets both 

 East and West. On both sides of the main range the reproduction of 

 the forest is such as to fit it well for forest management. There does 

 not appear to be a cousiderable immediate demand for the sale of tim- 

 ber from this region, and except for matters of protection it may safely 

 be numbered among the reserves to be taken up when the resources 

 of the Department for this purpose are made larger. 



BOUNDAIUES. 



Except for a small xiossible extension to the south, the boundaries of 

 this reserve east of the continental divide are satisfactory. To the west 

 they should be very considerably extended, but the information at hand 

 is not sufficient to warrant the drawing of new lines, nor have the neces- 

 sary maps been completed. 



GRAND CANYON FOREST RESERVE. 

 SUMMARY. 



Situation : North central Arizona. AoreR. 



Area within present lines 1, 851, 520 



Adverse holdings, railroad lands 583, 360 



Part of this reserve should he included in a national park. 

 Further revision of lines is not possible without further study. 



Force recommended : One ranger, 3 guards, 10 fire watchers after other more press- 

 ing reserves have been supplied with men. 

 Source of information : Personal examination, September 28-30, 1896. 



A comparatively level high plateau, broken by tremendous canyons, partly covered 

 with yellow pine or stunted growth of nut pine and juniper. 

 The effect of this reserve on water supply is probably small. 

 Mines of importance have not yet been developed. 

 Agriculture is not important. • 



Grazing has been practiced to some extent and should be regulated. 

 The commercial development of this reserve is not immediately required. 



The Grand Canyon Forest Eeserve is situated in north central Ari- 

 zona, and embraces the finest portion of the Grand Canyon of the 

 Colorado River. With an area of 1,851,520 acres, it includes, within 

 primary and indemnity limits, a total of 583,360 acres of railroad land. 

 Its surface, except in the canyons, is comparatively flat. Much of it is 

 desert or arid land, covered with stunted growth of single-leaf pifion 

 (nut pine) and junipers, but it contains large areas of the western yellow 

 pine, which forms here in Arizona the largest pure pine forest in the 

 world. The climate is for the most part exceedingly dry, and except for 

 pasturage the reserve has so far made little or no contribution to neigh- 

 boring regions. 



THE FOREST. 



The forest is composed almost exclusively of the western yellow pine, 

 mixed here and there with the quaking aspen and the dwarf white oak. 

 The more arid portions of the reserve south and east of the Grand Can- 

 yon are either bare or covered with stunted trees of single-leaf pine 

 (nut pine) and various junipers. I am informed that north of the canyon 

 the only forest growth is of this character. 



