SURVEYS OF FOREST RESERVES. 131 



in this report, means always a natural wet meadow, and the name will 

 not be applied to fire glades nor to open dry slopes. The vegetation 

 of meadows is in most instances made up principally of grasses and 

 sedges. Most of the meadows in the Cascades occur at middle eleva- 

 tions, especially within the belt of the lodge-pole pine on the eastern 

 side of the range and the heavy west-slope forest on therf)ther side. 



The balds are comparatively limited in extent and lie altogether, so 

 far as our observation went, on the west slope of the Cascades. They 

 consist of the dry summits of spurs and detached peaks, which, though 

 well supplied with moisture at most seasons, are drained very rapidly 

 when the summer drought begins, and become so dry on their summits 

 that they will not support a forest growth. The grazing upon these 

 summits is excellent, and consists largely of what is known as mountain 

 bunch grass (Festuca vaseyana). 



It should be mentioned here, with reference to the different types of 

 sheep-grazing lands above described, that the vegetation is by no means 

 uniform over each one. Especially are local differences in vegetation 

 due to differences in soil, and wherever the soil is made up of a very 

 poor quality of volcanic ash, which renders the surface exceedingly dry 

 for the greater j)art of the summer, underbrush, grasses, and all her- 

 baceous vegetation may be almost entirely wanting. Areas of this 

 description are frequent both in the lodge-pole pine forests and at higher 

 elevations in the black hemlock belt. The surprising lack of good 

 grazing at or near timber line in the Oregon Cascades, particularly 

 their more southerly i)ortions, is also attributable chiefly to this cause. 



LOCATION OF G-EAZING AREAS. 



For convenience of reference the ranges may be divided into three 

 districts, the Mount Hood district, the Three Sisters district, and the 

 Up()er Deschutes district. The Mount Hood district extends from the 

 Columbia Eiver southward to about the latitude of the northern edge 

 of the Warm Springs Indian Eeservation; the Three Sisters district 

 from Mount Jefferson, at the southern edge of this Indian reservation, 

 to and including the southern head waters of McKenzie Eiver, about 

 latitude 44° 10' ; and the upper Deschutes district from the latter line 

 southward to and including Diamond Lake, about latitude 43° 5". 

 Each of these districts is subdivided into ranges, the principal ones of 

 which may be briefly named and located as follows : 



Mount Hood.—Vfhite River, Gate Creek, Three-Mile Creek, Badger Creek, Boulder 



Creek, Salmon Prairie, Zigzag Creek, Clear Lake, Clackamas Buttes, Hood 



River. 

 Three Sisters. — Mount Jefferson, Three-Fingered Jark, Fish Lake, Mount Washington, 



McKeuzie Eiver, Horse Creek, Three Sisters. 

 Upper Deschutes. — Willamette Cow Pastures, Crane Prairie, Davis Lake, Crescent 



Lake, Diamond Lake. _ 



White Biver. — A stream rising on the southeast side of Mount Hood 

 and flowing into Deschutes Eiver. The grazing along this stream lies 

 at different elevations and includes almost every type of grazing land 

 except balds. It is up through the watershed of White Eiver that 

 most of the sheep are driven which are pastured in summer south, 

 southeast, and southwest of Mount Hood, and north of the Warm 

 Springs Indian Eeservation. 



Gate Creeh. — One of the affluents of White River rising within the 

 reserve, but most of it lying outside of the reserve. The grazing is 



