134 SURVEYS OF FOREST RESERVES. 



Bluejoint grass {Galamagrostis inexpansa ouprea). — This is one of the 

 principal grazing plants for sheep in Salmon Prairie. It grows fre- 

 quently in other similar situations. 



Butterweed {Seneoio triangularis). — An abundant plant in meadows 

 and along streams. Sheep are very fond of it. 



Clover (Trifolium longipes). — A favorite forage plant of sheep in and 

 about the meadows. Several other species of clover occur. 



BtcarfUrch {Betula glandtilosa). — Sheep browse upon this shrub as 

 high as they can reach, often when the plants are small eating them to 

 the ground and sometimes killing them. It grows in meadows at 

 middle elevations. 



False hellebore {Vei-atrum viride). — This, popularly known as "wild 

 Indian corn," is a plant of which sheep are extremely fond, particularly 

 in the spring when the young shoots and leaves first appear. The roots 

 of this plant are poisonous, but no cases of poisoning from this source 

 were met with. It is usually found in the meadows. 



Fireweed [Chamaenerion angustifoliiim). — A common plant in burns, 

 both in the west slope forests and in the lodgepole pine forests of the 

 eastern slopes. When young it is a favorite food of sheep. 

 ■ SucJdeberry ( Vacciniuni membranaceum). — Sheep browse readily on 

 the leaves and twigs of this kind of huckleberry, one of the tallest and 

 most abundant species. It is very abundant on the south slope of 

 Mount Hood and in the various other localities frequented by huckle- 

 berry pickers. It is a characteristic shrub of somewhat open slopes 

 and burns in the heavy west-slope forests. 



Lungwort [Ilertensia sibiri-ca). — This was a plant of wet situations in 

 I he west-slope forests and was readily cropped by the sheep. 



Lupine or ten-finger {Lupinus rivularis), — This and other species of 

 Lupinus are eagerly eaten by sheep. Lupinus laxiflorus is the one 

 most widely distributed. In some parts of the lodge-pole pine forest it 

 is abundant and an important sheep forage. 



Oah [Quercus garryana). — When the sheep are driven out of the 

 mountains in the autumn in the Mount Hood grazing district they pass 

 through a belt of this oak, which grows mingled with the yellow pines 

 at their lower elevations and along the streams at a still lower altitude. 

 The trees are then shedding their acorns, whicb are commonly produced 

 in great abundance. The sheep are extremely fond of these acorns, 

 and they often gorge themselves with them. 



Pea vine {Lathyrus). — Various species of this genus occur throughout 

 the Cascades, and almost all of them are readily eaten by sheep and are 

 excellent fatteners. Lathyrus oregonensis is abundant in fire glades of 

 the lodge-pole pine forests. 



Pine grass (Carex pbnnsylvanioa). — The mos?t abundant and charac- 

 teristic plant of lire glades in the lodgepole pine forests, under suitable 

 conditions, as at the southern end of Diamond Lake, foi^ming a fairly 

 dense turf. It is not considered a superior forage plant for sheep, 

 though when it first shoots up in the spring they readily eat it. When 

 the burned area of lodgepole pine is upon a sandy soil the plant is 

 more scattered, and, together with a small Stipa, is known as "sand 

 feed." Sheep scatter widely upon it and can with difficulty be held 

 together, doubtless searching for more palatable food. From the fact 

 that this sedge often grows thinly in the lodgepole pine forests it is often 

 known as "pine grass," a name applied also to various other slender 

 grasses that grow in the same situation. 



Rose (Rosa gymnocarpa). — This is one of the favorite browsing plants 

 for sheep in the heavy west slope forests. 



