FACTORS IN ANIMAL LIFE 
share the alarm displayed by the older ones at the 
smell or presence of man. A young deer that has 
never seen a man feels no instinctive alarm at his 
presence, or at least very little; but it will undoubt- 
edly learn to associate extreme alarm with his pre- 
sence from merely accompanying its mother, if the 
latter feels such alarm. I should not regard this as 
schooling by the parent any more than I should so 
regard the instant flight of twenty antelope who had 
not seen a hunter, because the twenty-first has seen 
him and has instantly run. Sometimes a deer or an 
antelope will deliberately give an alarm-cry at sight 
of something strange. This cry at once puts every 
deer or antelope on the alert; but they will be just as 
much on the alert if they witness nothing but an 
exhibition of fright and flight on the part of the first 
deer or antelope, without there being any conscious 
effort on its part to express alarm. 
“Moreover, I am inclined to think that on cer- 
tain occasions, rare though they may be, there is a 
conscious effort at teaching. I have myself known 
of one setter dog which would thrash its puppy 
soundly if the latter carelessly or stupidly flushed a 
bird. Something similar may occur in the wild state 
among such intelligent beasts as wolves and foxes. 
Indeed, I have some reason to believe that with both 
of these animals it does occur — that is, that there 
is conscious as well as unconscious teaching of the 
young in such matters as traps.” 
85 
