WAYS OF NATURE 
Animals take the first step in knowledge — they 
perceive things and discriminate between them; but 
they do not take the second step — combine them, 
analyze them, and form concepts and judgments. 
So that, whether animals know much or little, I 
think we are safe in saying that what they know in 
the human way, that is, from a process of reasoning, 
is very slight. 
The animals al] have in varying degrees perceptive 
intelligence. They know what they see, hear, smell, 
feel, so far as it concerns them to know it. They 
know their kind, their mates, their enemies, their 
food, heat from cold, hard from soft, and a thousand 
other things that it is important that they should 
know, and they know these things just as we know 
them, through their perceptive powers. 
We may ascribe intelligence to the animals in the 
same sense in which we ascribe it to a child, as the 
perception of the differences or of the likenesses and 
the relations of things — that is, perceptive intelli- 
gence, but not reasoning intelligence. When the 
child begins to “ notice things,” to know its mother, 
to fear strangers, to be attracted by certain objects, 
we say it begins to show intelligence. Development 
in this direction goes on for a long time before it can 
form any proper judgment about things or take the 
step of reason. 
If we were to subtract from the sum of the intelli- 
gence of an animal that which it owes to nature or 
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