WHAT DO ANIMALS KNOW? 
intelligence, developing in man the highest form of 
all, reasoned intelligence. When an animal solves a 
new problem or meets a new condition as effectually 
as the tree or the body does in the cases I have just 
cited, we are wont to ascribe to it powers of reason. 
Reason we may call it, but it is reason not its own. 
This universal or cosmic intelligence makes up 
by far the greater part of what animals know. The 
domestic animals, such as the dog, that have long 
been under the tutelage of man, of course show more 
independent power of thought than the uneducated 
beasts of the fields and woods. 
The plant is wise in all ways to reproduce and 
perpetuate itself; see the many ingenious devices 
for scattering seed. In the animal world this intelli- 
gence is most keen and active in the same direction. 
The wit of the animal comes out most clearly in 
looking out for its food and safety. We are often 
ready to ascribe reason to it in feats shown in these 
directions. 
In man alone does this universal intelligence or 
mind-stuff reach out beyond these primary needs and 
become aware of itself. What the plant or the animal 
does without thought or rule, man takes thought 
about. He considers his ways. I noticed that the 
scallops in the shallow water on the beach had the 
power to anchor themselves to stones or to some 
other object, by putting out a little tough but elastic 
cable from near the hinge, and that they did so when 
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