WAYS OF NATURE 
jealousy, and rivalry — are undoubtedly the same 
in the lower orders. 
Though almost anything may be affirmed of dogs, 
for they are nearly half human, yet I doubt if even 
dogs experience the feeling of shame or guilt or 
revenge that we so often ascribe to them. These 
feelings are all complex and have a deep root. When 
I was a youth, my father had a big churn-dog that 
appeared one morning with a small bullet-hole in 
his hip. Day after day the old dog treated his 
wound with his tongue, after the manner of dogs, 
until it healed, and the incident was nearly forgotten. 
One day a man was going by on horseback, when 
the old dog rushed out, sprang at the man, and came 
near pulling him from the horse. It turned out that 
this was the person who had shot the dog, and the 
dog recognized him. 
This looks like revenge, and it would have been 
such in you or me, but in the dog it was probably 
simple anger at the sight of the man who had hurt 
him. The incident shows memory and the asso- 
ciation of impressions, but the complex feeling of 
vengeance, as we know it, is another matter. 
If animals do not share our higher intellectual 
nature, we have no warrant for attributing to them 
anything like our higher and more complex emo- 
tional nature. Musical strains seem to give them 
pain rather than pleasure, and it is quite evident that 
perfumes have no attraction for them. 
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