IX # 
DO ANIMALS THINK AND REFLECT? 
HEN we see the animals going about, living 
their lives in many ways as we live ours, 
seeking their food, avoiding their enemies, building 
their nests, digging their holes, laying up stores, 
migrating, courting, playing, fighting, showing cun- 
ning, courage, fear, joy, anger, rivalry, grief, profit- 
ing by experience, following their leaders, — when 
we see all this, I say, what more natural than that we 
should ascribe to them powers akin to our own, and 
look upon them as thinking, reasoning, and reflect- 
ing. A hasty survey of animal life is sure to lead to 
this conclusion. An animal is not a clod, nor a block, 
nor a machine. It is alive and self-directing, it has 
some sort of psychic life, yet the more I study the 
subject, the more I am persuaded that with the 
probable exception of the dog on occasions, and of 
the apes, animals do not think or reflect in any proper 
sense of those words. As I have before said, animal 
life shows in an active and free state that kind of 
intelligence that pervades and governs the whole 
organic world, — intelligence that takes no thought 
of itself. Here, in front of my window, is a black 
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