DO ANIMALS THINK AND REFLECT? 
Lloyd Morgan relates at some length the experi- 
ments he tried with his fox terrier, Tony, seeking to 
teach him how to bring a stick through a fence with 
vertical palings. The spaces would allow the dog 
to pass through, but the palings caught the ends of 
the stick which the dog carried in his mouth. When 
his master encouraged him, he pushed and strug- 
gled vigorously. Not succeeding, he went back, 
lay down, and began gnawing the stick. Then he 
tried again, and stuck as before, but by a chance 
movement of his head to one side finally got the 
stick through. His master patted him approvingly 
and sent him for the stick again. Again he seized 
it by the middle, and of course brought up against 
the palings. After some struggles he dropped it 
and came through without it. Then, encouraged 
by his master, he put his head through, seized the 
stick, and tried to pull it through, dancing up and 
down in his endeavors. Time after time and day 
after day the experiment was repeated with prac- 
tically the same results. The dog never mastered 
the problem. He could not see the relation of that 
stick to the opening in the fence. At one time he 
worked and tugged three minutes trying to pull the 
stick through. Of course, if he had had any mental 
conception of the problem or had thought about it 
at all, a single trial would have convinced him as 
well as would.a dozen trials. Mr. Morgan tried the 
experiment with other dogs with like result. When 
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