WAYS OF NATURE 
not ideas. The child perceives things, discriminates 
things, knows its mother from a stranger, is angry, 
or glad, or afraid, long before it has any language 
or any proper concepts. Animals know only through 
their senses, and this “knowledge is restricted to 
things present in time and space.” Reflection, or a 
return upon themselves in thought, of this they are 
not capable. Their only language consists of vari- 
ous cries and calls, expressions of pain, alarm, joy, 
love, anger. They communicate with one another, 
and come to share one another’s mental or emo- 
tional states, through these cries and calls. A dog 
barks in various tones and keys, each of which ex- 
presses a different feeling in the dog. I can always 
tell when my dog is barking at a snake; there is 
something peculiar in the tone. The hunter knows 
when his hound has driven the fox to hole by a 
change in his baying. The lowing and bellowing of 
horned cattle are expressions of several different 
things. The crow has many caws, that no doubt 
convey various meanings. The cries of alarm and 
distress of the birds are understood by all the 
wild creatures that hear them; a feeling of alarm 
is conveyed to them—an emotion, not an idea. 
How could a crow tell his fellows of some future 
event, or of some experience of the day? How could 
he tell him this thing is dangerous, this is harmless, 
save by his actions in the presence of those things ? 
Or how tell of a newly found food supply save by 
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