86 TRAINING. 
the colder districts north of the 48° of latitude, and to the gar 
dens of amateurs. There can, however, scarcely be a more 
beautiful display of the art of the horticulturist, than a fine row 
of trained trees, their branches arranged with the utmost sym 
metry and regularity, and covered, in the fruit season, with 
large and richly coloured fruit. 
North of the 43° latitude, (or north of the Mohawk,) the peach 
does not ripen well, and this, as well as some other rather tender 
trees, will, in such situations, generally yield abundant crops 
whei trained on a common upright trellis, or espalier rail, seven 
or eight feet high.* Still farther north, as in Maine, or Canada, 
a wall must be resorted to: but our own observation leads us to 
believe that, generally, the espalier rail will be found not only 
cheaper, and more easily managed in training, but really pre- 
ferable to a wall, as full exposure to light is sufficient without’ 
much additional heat. With regard to walls themselves, in the 
middle portions of the Union, a southern aspect is almost always 
the worst, being too hot in midsummer; a wall running north 
and south, and affording east and west aspects, is much the best 
The western aspect is indeed preferable for all tender fruits, as 
the blossoms are not there liable to injury from early frosts. A 
north wall is useful for producing a later crop. 
The objects of training are, by a more complete exposure of 
the leaves and branches to the light and sun, to ripen fruits in 
a naturally unfavourable climate; to render them more fruit- 
ful,—lessening vigour and excessive growth by the lateral or 
horizontal arrangement of the branches; and lastly economy of 
space, as trees when trained on a flat surface occupy much less 
space in the fruit garden than standards, and leave the borders 
more open for cropping with vegetables, 
Training conical standards, A very easy and simple mode of 
training fruit trees, which has lately come into great favour with 
amateurs, is the conical standard, or Quenouiile, (pronounced ke- 
nool) of the French. It is applied chiefly to pears, which, when 
treated in this way, may be planted about eight feet apart, ar.d 
thus a great variety of sorts may be grown in a small garden. 
The best example of this kind of training in this country, at 
present, is in the garden of Mr. Johnson of Lynn, Mass. A 
great number of the specimen trees in the London Horticultural 
Society’s garden are trained in this manner; and Loudot re- 
marks, that in 1840 the Royal Kitchen garden of Versailles 
contained two hundred trees trained in the conical manner, with 
the current year’s shoots tied down en quenowille, They had 
* Cedar or locust posts, set four or eight feet apart, with horizontal bars 
let in, and crossed by light perpendicular straps of pine from six to twelve 
inches apart, will form an excellent and durable trellis for espaliers, See Fig. 
21. Indeed many gardeners here prefer having a light trellis a fow inchea 
from the wall, upcn which to train, instead of nailing directly on the wall 
