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CARDINAL’S FOOD ITEMIZED. 95 
only 1 cardinal does harm to 15 which do good. The presence of this 
single harmful bird among so many beneficial ones no more justifies 
us in classing the species as injurious than would a like proportion 
of disabled men justify the condemnation of a whole regiment. 
On the contrary, since the cardinal, by its general food habits, 
does at least 15 times more good than harm, it must be classed among 
the very useful species. The following list of important pests the 
bird has been shown to prey upon is in itself sufficient proof of the 
cardinal’s value. The list includes the Rocky Mountain locust, 17- 
year cicada, potato beetle, cotton worm, bollworm, cotton cutworm, 
cotton-boll weevil, codling moth, rose-beetle, cucumber-beetle, fig- 
eater, zebra caterpillar, plum scale, and other scale insects. A host 
of minor insect pests are attacked and the seeds of many noxious 
weeds are destroyed. The cardinal much more than pays its way, 
and deserves and should receive strictest protection. The bird is 
easily attracted by food in winter and by the provision of suitable 
nesting sites in summer. Being thus responsive to human care, and 
being so valuable economically, the cardinal’s presence on the farm, 
and even in the city garden, should be encouraged in every possible 
way. With proper protection and encouragement it will become 
‘more and more numerous and render husbandry a correspondingly 
increased amount of useful service. 
LIST OF SEEDS, FRUITS, AND INVERTEBRATES EATEN BY THE CARDINAL, 
GRAIN. 
Gorn (Zea mays). Oats (Avena sativa.) 
Rice (Oryza sativa). Wheat (Triticum vulgare). 
Kafir corn (Sorghum vulgare durra). 
WILD FRUITS. 
Red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). Skunk bush (Rhus trilobata). 
Solomon’s — seal (Pologonatum — bi- | Poison ivy (Rhus radicans). 
florum). Holly (lier opaca). 
Bristly greenbrier (Smilax bona-nov). | Inkberry (Jler glabra). 
Hickory (Hicoria sp.). Maple (Accr sp.). 
Oak (Quercus sp.). Summer grape (Vitis aestivalis). 
Southern hackberry (Celtis mississip- | Frost grape (Vitis cordifoliu). 
piensis). Bullace grape (Vitis rotundifolia). 
Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). Maypop (Passiflora incarnata). 
Mulberry (Morus sp.). : Prickly pear (Opuntia opuntia). 
Pokeberry (Phytolacca decandra). Rough-leaved cornel (Cornus aspert 
Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera). folia), 
Spicebush (Lindera benzoin). Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida). 
Blackberry (Rubus sp.). Blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum). 
Rose (Rosa sp.). Knockaway tree (Hhretia clliptica). 
Juneberry (Amelanchiecr canadensis). | Nightshade (Solanum sp.). 
Red haw (Crategus sp.). Elder (Sambucus sp.). 
Arrowwood (Viburnum sp.). 
Cherry (Prunus sp.). 
