70 FOOD HABITS OF THE GROSBEAKS. 
While this unmistakable preference for the often pungently fla- 
vored Chrysomelide is remarkable. it is still more surprising that 
of the 172 birds 103 selected a single species, the California flower- 
beetle (Diabrotica soror, almost indistinguishable from D. 12-pune- 
tata, fig. 26). This insect, according to Prof. Vernon L. Kellogg, 
“does great damage as an adult by eating into the flower buds of 
roses, chrysanthemums, and a host of others, the larve feeding on 
the roots of alfalfa, chrysanthemums, and many other plants.” 
Prof. E. J. Wickson adds, it “is sometimes very injurious to early 
fruit by eating into it when ripe. The insect also eats leaves and 
blossoms. As the insect attacks the fruit just as it is ready to pick, 
it is impossible to apply any disagreeable or poisonous spray.” 
In connection with the latter testimony it is of interest to recall 
that the early fruits are the ones that the bird also injures most 
severely. Although less than 4 percent of the food, strictly speak- 
ing, can be called early fruit, and the total amount of cultivated fruit 
eaten during the bird’s stay in California is only about 12 percent, 
the fruit-destroying flower-beetle, which it is impossible for man to 
combat effectually, constitutes more than 14 percent. In view of this 
fact alone, it would seem that the hand raised with deadly intent 
against the grosbeak when pilfering fruit may well be stayed. The 
beetles, though not so easy to see as the grosbeak, are present in 
countless hordes and busy at their destructive work. But the gros- 
beak finds and consumes more of them by actual bulk than of culti- 
vated fruit. Furthermore, in view of the fact that 103 out of 226 
black-headed grosbeaks preyed upon the flower-beetle, often securing 
from 8 to 21 each, and that 14.08 percent of the bird’s entire food 
consists of these insects, it can be unhesitatingly stated that the black- 
head is one of the most important checks upon this pest. 
While the grosbeak does not destroy any other insect to anything 
like the same extent that it does the flower-beetle, nevertheless it 
shows a considerable hiking for some other leaf-beetles. Seventeen 
grosbeaks fed upon a species (J/elasoma scripta) that is fond of the 
foliage of willows and poplars, and 15 devoured a dock-inhabiting 
leaf-beetle (Gaustroidea), which sometimes eats pine needles; from 
9 to 33 of these were found in a single stomach. About 37 grosbeaks 
ate leaf-beetles which could not be specifically identified. 
The closely related family of long-horned wood-borers (Ceram- 
bycide) furnishes 2.29 percent of the bird’s fare, and since the longi- 
corns contain among their ranks numerous disastrous pests, the bird 
must be commended even for the moderate liking for them it displays. 
Click-beetles (Elateridee), which in the larval state are known as 
*American Insects, 1905, p. 280. 
> California Fruits and How to Grow Them, 1900, pp. 454455. 
