BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEBIC A. 55 



bia, etc. ; more or less frequent in southern and eastern Greenland 

 and western Europe (British Islands, Heligoland, etc.). 



[Loxia] leucoptera Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 844 (Hudson Bay and New 

 York; based on White-winged Crossbill Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. i, 

 108). 

 Loxia leucoptera Bonaparte, Am. Orn., ii, 1828, 84, pi. 15, flg. .3. — .S^^•AINS0N and 

 Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 263. — Jakdixe, ed. "Wilson's Am. Orn., 

 ii, 1834, 42, pi. 31, fig. 3; iii, 440, pi. 15, flg. 3.— Temminck, Man. d'Orn., ed. 

 1835, iii, 243.— Gould, Birds Europe, iii, 1837, pi. 203; Birds Gt. Brit., iii, 

 1864, pi. 48.— Audubon, Orn. Bidg.,iv, 1838, 467, pi. 364; Synopsis, 18.39, 129; 

 Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 190, pi. 201. — Keysbeling and Blasils, "Wirb. 

 Eur., 1840, 164.— Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 111.— Macgillivray, Brit. 

 Birds, ii, 1845, 28. — Bonaparte and Schlegel, Mon. Lox., 1850, 8, pi. 9. — 

 LicHTENSTEiN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 48. — Reinhakdt, Ibis, 1861, 8 

 (Greenland; several occurrences). — Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 122 

 (Nova Scotia).— Harting, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 116.— Coues, Check 

 List, 1873, no. 142; 2d ed., 1882, no. 198; Birds N.W., 1874, 110.— Finsch, 

 Ab. Nat.Ver. Bremen, iii, 1873, 55 (coast of Alaska); Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 

 274 (Chilcoot and Portage Bay, Alaska, Jan., Feb.). — Snow, Birds Kansas, 

 1873, 6 (e. Kansas, rare in winter). — Baibd, Brewer, and Ridqway, Hist. 

 N. Am. Birds, i, 1874, 488, pi. 23, figs. 2, 3.— Ridqway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 

 X, 1874, 372 (Illinois in winter) ; Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 20 (East Hum- 

 boldt Mts., Nevada, August, Sept.); Orn., 40th Parallel, 1877, 456 (do.); 

 Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 173.— Newton (A.), Man. Nat. Hist. Green- 

 land, 1875, 99 (e. and s. Greenland, 5 specs. ). — Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, 181 

 (Heligoland, irregular, but occasionally numerous visitant). — D'Hamond- 

 viLLE, Ois. Eur., 1876.— Jouy, Field and Forest, ii, 1877, 155 (District of 

 Columbia, rare in winter). — Langdon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 8 (very abun- 

 dant winter of 1868-69); Revised List, 1879 (do.). — Dresser, Birds Europe, 

 iv, 1877, 137, pi. 204.— Newton, ed. Yarrell's Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1877,218.— 

 Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 117 (descr. bright-colored speci- 

 men) ; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 254 (Magdalen Islands, breeding; 

 descr. female juv. ) ; Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 373 (Antioosti I., July 

 24).— KuMLiEN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 75 (off Bonne Bay, New- 

 foundland, Aug. 15; Conception Bay, Newfoundland, Oct.). — Drew, Bull. 

 Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 89 (Bakers Park, Colorado, 1 spec); Auk, ii, 

 1885, 16 (mts. of Colorado, 10,000 ft., in winter).— Dubois, Bull. i\Ius. Roy. 

 Belg., i, 1882, 7 (synonymy; geogr. range). — Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 

 Club, vii, 1882, 235 (Point de Monts, prov. Quebec, July) . — Chamberlain, 

 Bull. N. H. Soc. N. B., no. 1, 1882, 37 (New Brunswick, breeding).— British 

 Ornithologists' Union; List Brit. Birds, 1883, 58. — Seebohm, Hist. Brit. 

 Birds, ii, 1884, 37.— Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 239 (Ft. Chimo, 

 Ungava, abundant in winter) ; Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 171, pi. 7, upper 

 feg. (young; Yukon district and St. Michael, Alaska). — American Orni- 

 thologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 522. — Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 168 

 (n. w. Oregon in winter). — Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 174. — 

 CooKE, Bird Migr. Miss. Valley, 1888, 181 (dates, etc.); Birds Colorado, 1897, 

 97 (Bakers Park, s. w. Colorado, 9,500 ft., 1 spec.) .^Evermann, Auk, vi, 

 1889, 24 (Carroll Co., Indiana, Feb., Mar., rare).— Palmer ("W.), Proc. U. S. 

 Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 263 (Magdalen Islands, breeding). — Goss, Birds Kansas, 

 1891, 421 (rare winter visit.) .—Macfarlaxe, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 

 1891, 440 (Ft. Anderson). — Faxnin, Check List Birds Brit. Columbia, 1891, 

 34 (Rocky Mt. district).— Dwight, Auk, x, 1893, 11 (Prince Edward I., breed- 

 ing). — White,, Auk, x, 1893, 226 (Mackinac I., Michigan, rare summer 



