BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 95 



F.[ringiUa] carduelis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 371, 

 [Pringilla] carduelis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 80, no. 7171. 

 Emberiza carduelis Scopoli, Ann., i, 1769, 144. 



Acanthis cardudis'B'ECiisTEi's, Naturg. Deutschl., 2d ed., ii, 1807, 199. 

 Passer carduelis Tajjlas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. , ii, 1826, 15. 

 Spinus carduelis Koch, Syst. baier. Zool., 1816, 233. 



Carduelis carduelis Schaffer, Orn. Mus.,1789, 23. — Boie, Isis, 1822,554. — Lich- 

 TBNSTEiN, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 46. — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 

 xii, 1888, 185, part (excl. syn. Carduelis major Taczanowski, Fringilla albigu- 

 laris Madarasz, etc.). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 

 abridged ed., 1889, p. 71. — Churchill, Auk, viii, 1891, 314 (Worcester, 

 Massachusetts, breeding). — Howe, Auk, xii, 1895, 182 (Brookline, Massa-< 

 chusetts, 1 spec. May, 1892) . — Nehrling, Our Native Birds, etc., ii, 1896, 65. 

 C. [arduous'] carduelis Ridgway, Man. N". Am. Birds, 1887, 401. 

 Carduelis degang Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool., xiv, 1826, 30. — Gould, Birds 

 Europe,-iii, 1837, pi. 196; Birds Gt. Brit., iii, 1870, pi. 36.— Macgillivray, 

 Brit. Birds, i, 1837, 393.— Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 33.— 

 Degland and Gerbe, Orn. Eur., i, 1867, 279. — Loche, Expl .Sci. Alg^r. Ois., 

 i, 1867, 154.— Heuglin, Orn. N. 0.-Afr.,i, 1870, 640.— Salvadori, Faun. Ital. 

 Ucc, 1871, 154.— Shelley, Birds Egypt, 1872, 152.— Newton, ed. Yarrell's 

 Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1876, 117.— Dressbb, Hist. Birds Europe, iii, 1877, 527, 

 pi. 116.— Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 120 (e. Massachusetts; 

 introduced). — Langdon, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., iv, 1881, 342 (introduced 

 at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1872-74). — British Ornithologists' Union, List Brit. 

 Birds, 1883, 47. — Tristram, Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 64. — Giglioli, 

 Avifauna Ital., 1886, 30. — Adney, Auk, iii, 1886, 409 (breeding in Central 

 Park, New York City, etc.). — ^Bbodie, Auk, v, 1888, 211 (Toronto, Ontario, 

 May 21, 1887, 4 specimens). — Verrill, Auk, x, 1892, 301 (New Haveu, Con- 

 necticut, 1 spec. May 9, 1892).— Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 123 (Cuba; 

 introduced) . 

 C. larduelis'] elegans Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 518. 

 Cardueles elegans Cory, Revised List Birds W. I., 1886, 35 (Cuba). 

 Chrysomitris elegans Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xx, 1879, 271 (near Boston, 



Massachusetts, 1 spec, spring 1878). 

 Carduelis septentrionalis Brehm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 288. 

 Carduelis germanica Brehm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 289. 

 Carduelis aurata Eyton, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, 20. 

 Carduelis communis Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xiv, 1845, 554. 

 Carduelis accedens Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, 277. 

 (''xrduelis meridionalis Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, 277. 

 Carduelis auranliipennis Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, 277. 

 Carduelis vulgaris Doderlein, Avifaun. Sicil., 1869, 81. 



Genus SPINUS Koch. 



Spinus^ Koch, Bayr. Zool., 1816, 233. (Type, by elimination, Fringilla spinus 



Linnaius.) (See Stejneg&r, Auk, i, 1884, 360.) 

 Chrysomitris BoiE, Isis, 1828, 322. (Type, Fringilla spinus Linnseus. ) 

 Hypacanthis^ Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i, Aug., 1851, 161. (Type, Carduelis spinoides 



Vigors.) 

 Pyrrhomitris Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, Sept. 15, 1850, 517. (Type, Carduelis 



cucullata Swainson. ) 



^ "^Tti'vog, 6, the name of a small bird, as given by Aristophanes." (Stejneger.) 

 ' "Von v«6 und ccKavS'ii, iSoi, ri Distelfink." 



