BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 



149 



(10.16); depth of bill at base, 5.59-6.86 (6.10); tarsus, 20.3^-22.35 

 (21.34); middle toe, 13.21-14.99 (14.22).' 



Northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North Ameriou, breeding in 

 arctic and subarctic districts; in North America breeding on the barren- 

 ground or tundra region from northern Labrador (Ungava) to Alaska, 

 north and east of the coast ranges, and north to islands of Arctic 

 Ocean (at least to latitude 82^); in winter south to more northern 

 United States, irregularly to District of Columbia, Georgia, southern 

 Ohio (near Cincinnati), southern Indiana (Franklin, Decatur, Carroll, 

 and Knox counties), Kansas, Colorado, and eastern Oregon (Camp 

 Harney), casualh' to the Bermudas. (In Alaska occurs in winter on 

 Unalaska, the Shumagins, at Portage Bay, Sitka, etc. ; and on the 

 Asiatic side at Plover Baj^, Petropaulski, etc., and south to northern 

 Japan and China.) 



[Emberiza] nivalis Lixn/bus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 176 (Lapland, Hudson 

 Straits, etc.; based on Fauna Suecica, 194, t. 1. f., 194, etc.); ed. 12, i, 

 1766, 308.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 866.— Latham, Index Orn., i, 

 1790, 397.— Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 116, no. 7727. 



Emberiza . . nivalis Foestee, Piiilos. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 403 (Severn R.). 



Emberiza nivalis Meyee and Wolf, Taschenb. , 1810, 187. — Wilson, Am. Orn., 

 iii, 1811, 86, pi. 21, fig. 2.— Temminck, Man. d'Orn., 1820, 319.— Naumann, 

 Vog. Deutschl., iv, 1824, 297, pis. 106, 107.— Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. , ii, 

 1826, 32.— Weenek, Atlas, Granivores, 1827, pi. 28.— Nuttall, Man. Orn. 

 U. S. and Canad., i, 1832, 458.— Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 315; v-, 1839, 

 496, pi. 189.— AVoLLEY, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1850, 108 (Faroe Islands, 

 breeding). — Kjaeeeolling, Orn. Dan., 1852, pi. 25, fig. 5. — Schlegel, A'og. 

 NederL, 1854, pi. 159; Dier. Nederl., Vog., 1861, pi. 15, figs. 10, 11.— Suxde- 

 VALL, Svensk. Fogl., 1856, pi. 7, figs. 5-7. — A. Newton, in Baring Gould's 



' Seventeen American specimens. 



I am unable to detect differences in either measurements or coloration according 

 to locality, the individual variation in both respects being, however, very consider- 

 able, adult males from the same locality having the upper rump and lower back 

 either pure white or deep black. Average measurements, according to locality, are 

 as follows: 



Locality. 



MALES. 



Five males from northern Europe 



Two males from northeastern Asia ■ 



Seventeen males from northeastern North America 



(including Greenland) 



Nineteen males from mainland of Alaska (includ- 



ing Unalaska Island) 



FEMALES. 



Three females from northern Europe 



Nine females from northeastern North America . . . 



Sixteen specimens from Alaska east to Great Slave 



Lake 



Wing. 



111.25 

 114. 30 



110. 49 

 110. 74 



103. 63 

 102. 11 



Tail. 



Ex- 

 posed 

 culmen. 



67.82 

 70.36 



65.63 

 66.80 



61.72 

 63. 75 



Depth 

 of bill 

 at base. 



10.16 

 9.65 



10.41 

 10.41 



9.91 

 10.41 



C. 35 

 6.35 



6.10 

 6.10 



Tarsus. 



21.1 

 21. ( 



21.84 

 21.84 



21.34 

 21.08 



Middle 

 toe. 



13.97 

 12. 70 



14.22 

 14.22 



14.73 

 13.97 



