BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 637 



districts of eastern Pennsyhania, western Pennsylvania (Indiana and 

 Clearfield counties), northeastern Ohio (Wayne County, Ottawa 

 County, etc.), northern Indiana (Wabash County), southern Iowa, etc., 

 casually or irregularly to Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine (Gar- 

 diner), Nova Scotia (Plalifax),^ southern Ontario, southern Michigan, 

 southern Wisconsin (Racine), and Minnesota (near Minneapolis, etc.); 

 west to edge of Great Plains (southeastern South Dakota, eastern Kansas, 

 etc.)," casually to eastern Colorado (Pueblo and near Denver); south to 

 Georgia, Alabar.ia, and upland region of Gulf States;'' Bermuda 

 (introduced and naturalized). 



[Loxia] cardinalis'LiNNJEVs, Syst. lSlat.,ed. 10, i, 1758, 172 (basiMiou Coccothraustes 

 rubra Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, p. 38, pi. 38, etc.); ed. 12, i, 1766, 300.— 

 Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 847.— Latham, Index Orn., i, 1790, 375. 



LiOiAa cardiiiiilis AVilson, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 38, pi. 11, figs. 1, 2. 



(bccothraustes cardinal^ Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., xiii, 1817, 526. 



PringiUa cardirudisi Bonapakte, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., \x, July, 1824 (Obs. 

 Wilson's Am. Orn., No. 79); Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 113.— Nutoall, Man. 

 Orn. U. S. and Canad., i, 1832, 519.— Audubon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 336; v, 

 1839, 514, pi. 159. 



Pilylv.H cardimdis Audubon, iSynopsis, 1839, 131; Birds Am., oct. ed., iii, 1841, 

 U)S, pl.203.— GiRAUD,BirdsLongI., 1844, 1.32.— Willis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. 

 Inst, for 1858 (1859), 287 (Bermudas). 



Guiraca. cardinally Jardine, ed. Wilson's Am. Orn., i, 1832, 188, pi. 11, figs. 1, 2; 

 Contr. Orn., 1848, 79 (Bermudas, resident). — Hurdis, Jardine's Contr. Orn., 

 1850, 5 (Bermudas). 



\_Cardinalvi] carf/i'yiri/i'.s Lichtenstein, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 18.54, 44, part. 



Cardiii<d!s cardimdis Ajierican Ornithologists' Union, Check List, 1886, no. 593, 

 part. — Shabpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii, 1888, 161, part ( District Columbia, 

 Virginia, Illinois, Indiana). — Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 215, part 

 (Iowa City, Iowa, 2 specs. Apr. 17 and C)ct. 29; Morning Sun, Iowa, 2 specs. 

 Jan.; Ferry, Iowa; Denmark, Iowa; St. Louis, Missouri). — Keyes and Wil- 

 liams, Proc. Davenp. Ac. Nat. Sci. , v, 1888 (Iowa City, Dec. ; occasional in cen- 

 tral Iowa). — Thompson, Trans. Canad. Inst., i, 1890, 16 (Weston, Ontario). — 

 Wakeen, Birds Penn., 1890, 245 (most of State, common in lower half). — Goss, 

 Birds Kansas, 1891, 483 (resident; rare in western Kansas) .—Smith (R. W.) , 

 Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., 1891, 121 (Warren Co., s. w. Ohio, common resid. ). — 

 HATCH,BirdsMinn.,1892,339(straggler).—JIclLWRAiTH, Birds Ontario, 1892, 

 330 (s. w. Ontario). — Todd, Auk, x, 1893, 40 (Indiana and Clearfield counties, 

 w. Pennsylvania, breeding). — IJLREvandAVALLACE, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 

 155 (Wabash, Indiana, common resid.). — Prentiss, Auk, xiii, 1896, 238 

 (Bermudas; naturalized). — Obebholsee, Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta., tech. 

 ser.,i, no. 4, 1896, 314 (Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, abundant resid.; habits).— 



' No doubt some, if not all, of the extreme northern records are based on escaped 

 cage birds. 



''Lack of material from the intermediate region renders it very uncertain how far 

 south along the eastern border of the plains this form, or how far north the Texan 

 form (C c. canicaudus) extends; possibly even birds from eastern Kansas are referable 

 to the latter. 



* The status of the Cardinals of the Gulf coast lowlands is as yet undetermined; 

 possibly they constitute a distinct race. (See remarks on Louisiana specimens under 

 C. c. floridanus.) 



