58 



3. Head not crested; under parts not entirely black; much smaller than a 



crow (4) 



4. Under parts of stiff reddish feathers; elsewhere shining bronze- 

 black, except for a grayish collar and a red face.LewisWoodpecker. 

 4. Under parts of soft feathers; without red on breast or belly .... (5) 

 5. Secondaries entirely white ; rump white; head and neck red in adult, brown- 

 ish in young; toes 4; flanks not barred Red-headed Woodpecker. 



5. Wings black, spotted with white; rump black; crown orange in male; 



toes 3; flanks barred Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. 



5. Wings black, spotted with white, a large white patch on bend of wing; 

 rump white ; head black with two white stripes on sides and a red one 



on throat; toes 4; flanks barred; belly light yellow 



Williamson Sapsucker, male. 



6. Under surface of wings and tail yellow; throat brownish; male with 



a black malar stripe Northern Flicker. 



6. Under surface of wings and tail orange-red; throat ashy; male with 



a red malar stripe Red-shafted Flicker. 



7. Back black marked with white (9) — back mottled, black and yellowish; 



belly yellowish (8) 



8. Nape whitish; male with a black stripe from bill to chest separat- 

 ing the red throat from the white cheeks; female with whole 



chin and throat white Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. 



8. Nape more or less red; male with red of throat extending in 

 middle to the cheeks, thus obliterating the' black stripe ex- 

 cept at ends ; female with throat largely red 



Red-naped Sapsucker. 



9. Back black with conspicuous, regular, white cross-bars \ . . . (10) 



9. Back with a large, broad, white streak running lengthwise, but no 



cross-bars. (12) 



10. Outer tail feathers conspicuously entirely white; toes 3; 



crown yellow in male American Three-toed Woodpecker. 



10. Outer tail feathers with black ; toes 4 ; much barred with 



black and white (11) 



1 1 . Under parts yellowish ; head brown, without decided white or red . . 



Williamson Sapsucker, female. 



11. Under parts reddish; head grayish white with more or less red on 



crown Red-bellied Woodpecker. 



12. Under tail feathers white, barred with black ;■ smaller, wing 



under 4 inches (13) 



12. Under tail feathers white, not barred; larger, wing over 4 J 



inches (14) 



13. Middle and greater wing-coverts conspicuously spotted with white. . 



Northern Downy Woodpecker. 



13. Middle and greater wing-coverts plain black or but slightly spotted 



Batchelder Woodpecker. 



14. Middle and greater wing-coverts plain black or the white 



