b. Dekalb series 65 



(a) Dekalb stony loam 65 



(b) Dekalb sandy loam 66 



(5) Soils of the Valley region 66 



Hagerstown series 67 



(a) Hagerstown stony loam 67 



(b) Hagerstown stony clay 68 



(c) Hagerstown sandy loam 68 



(d) Hagerstown loam 69 



(e) Hagerstown clay loam 70 



(f ) Hagerstown clay 71 



(6) General remarks 6n the adaptation of 



varieties to soil type 72 



4. Planting plans for orchards 74 



(1) Plans for old orchards 75 



4. Table of distances 76 



b. Fillers 77 



(2) Plans for young orchards 78 



a. Table of distances 78 



b. Fillers 79 



5. Top-working and propagation 81 



(1) Top -grafting 81 



(2) Varieties which should be top-grafted 82 



(3) Selection of cions 83 



6. Spraying 85 



(1) Dormant or winter application 85 



(2) Summer spraying 87 



(3) Experience with spray solutions 88 



7. Orchard cultivation and management 90 



(1) Old or bearing orchards 90 



a. Sod 90 



b. Sod mulch 91 



c. Tillage, - clean, partial, 



intermittent 92 



(2) Young orchards 94 

 - a. Sod 95 



b. Sod mulch 95 



c. Tillage,- clean, partial, 



intermittent 96 



(3) Catch-crops 97 



(4) Cover-crops 102 



