57 



the type is easily recognized. The soil is known locally as 

 "red-rock land", on account of the numerous small red sand- 

 stone fragments which occur in the soil, and subsoil in quan- 

 tities varying from 5 to 20 per cent. The surface is gently 

 rolling. The following data shows the extent of this soil 

 type. 



Area of Penn loam Proportional 



extent per cent. 

 Leesburg Area 18,880 7.0 



Campbell " 5,696 1.6 



I have not obtained sufficient data to determine 



the correlation between this type of soil and varieties of 



apples. However, it seems clear that apples will succeed on 



Penn loam. 



Penn Clay consists of from 6 to 12 inches of a red 

 or reddish brown loam, resting upon a sub-soil of heavy red 

 clay. Both the soil and subsoil have the Indian-red color 

 characteristic of the Triassic red sandstone from which the 

 soil is in part derived. From 1 to 10 per cent of the soil 

 mass is composed of small sandstone fragments. In other 

 areas of this type numerous limestone conglomerate bowlders 

 cover from 10 to 25 per cent of the surface. This soil type 

 bears a close relationship to the Hagerstown series found in 

 the Valley region. The extent of this soil type is shown by 

 the figures which follow. 



