Contents xi 



PAGE 



Life.— Effect of Temperature on Fishes.— Transportation of Fishes.— Re- 

 production of Lost Parts.— Monstrosities among Fishes 131 



CHAPTER XL 



INSTINCTS, HABITS, AND ADAPTATIONS. 



The Habits of Fishes.— Irritability of Animals.— Nerve-cells and Fibers. — 

 The Brain or Sensorium.— Reflex Action.— Instinct.— Classification of 

 Instincts. — Variability of Instincts.— Adaptations to Environment.— Flight 

 of Fishes. — Quiescent Fishes.— Migratory Fishes.— Anadromous Fishes.— 

 Pugnacity of Fishes. — Fear and Anger in Fishes. — Calhng the Fishes. — 

 Sounds of Fishes. — Lurking Fishes. — The Unsymmetrical Eyes of the 

 Flounder. — Carrying Eggs in the Mouth 152 



CHAPTER XII. 



ADAPTATIONS OF FISHES. 



Spines of the Catfishes. — Venomous Spines. — The Lancet of the Surgeon-fish. 

 — Spines of the Sting-ray. — Protection through Poisonous Flesh of Fishes. — 

 Electric Fishes. — Photophores or Luminous Organs. — Photophores in the 

 Iniomous Fishes. — Photophores of Porichthys. — Globefishes. — Remoras. — 

 Sucking-disks of Clingfishes. — Lampreys and Hogfishes. — The Sword- 

 fishes. — The Paddle-fishes. — The Sawfishes. — Peculiarities of Jaws and 

 Teeth. — The Angler-fishes. — Relation of Number of Vertebra; to Temper- 

 ature, and the Struggle for Existence. — Number of Vertebrje: Soft-rayed 

 Fishes; Spiny-rayed Fishes; Fresh-water Fishes; Pelagic Fishes. — Varia- 

 tions in Fin-rays. — Relation of Numbers to Conditions of Life. — Degenera- 

 tion of Structures. — Conditions of Evolution among Fishes 179 



CHAPTER XIII. 



COLORS OF FISHES. 



Pigmentation. — Protective Coloration, — Protective Markings. — Sexual Colora- 

 tion. — Nuptial Coloration. — Coral-reef Fishes. — Recognition Marks. — In- 

 tensity of Coloration. — Fading of Pigments in Spirits.— Variation in Pat- 

 tern. 226 



CHAPTER XIV. 



GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FISHES. 



Zoogeography. — General Laws of Distribution.- Species Absent through Bar- 

 riers. — Species Absent through Failure to Maintain Foothold.— Species 

 Changed through Natural Selection.— Extinction of Species.— Barriers 



