The History of Ichthyology 391 



again into genera, the genera into species. The name of each 

 species consisted of that of the genus with a descriptive phrase 

 attached. This cumbersome system, called polynomial, used 

 by Artedi, Gronow, Klein, and others, was a great advance on 

 the shifting vernacular, of which it now took the place. But 

 the polynomial method as a system was of short duration. 

 Linnaeus soon substituted for it the convenient, in fact inevit- 

 able binomial system which has now endured for 150 years, 

 and which with certain modifications must form the perma- 

 nent substructure of the nomenclature in systematic zoology 

 and botany. 



The genera of Artedi are in almost all cases natural groups, 

 corresponding essentially equivalent to the families of to-day. 

 Families in ichthyology were first clearly recognized and defined 

 by Cuvier. 



The following is a list of Artedi's genera and their arrange- 

 ment : 



ORDER MALACOPTERYGII. 



Syngnathus (pipefishes) (4 species). CoryphcEna (dolphins) (3). 



Cobitis (loaches) (3). Ammodytes (sand-launces) (i). 



Cyprinus (carp and dace) (19) Pleuronectes (flounders) (10). 



Clupea (herrings) (4). Stromateus (butter-fishes) (i). 



Argentina (argentines) (i). Gadus (codfishes) (11). 



Exoccetus (flying-fishes) (2). Anarhichas (wolf -fishes) (i). 



Coregonus (whitefishes) (4). Murcena (eels) (6). 



Osmerus (smelts) (2). Ophidian (cusk-eels) (2). 



Salmo (salmon and trout) (10). Anableps (four-eyed fish) (i). 



Esox (pike) (3). Gymnotus (carapos) (i). 



Echeneis (remoras) (i). Silurus (catfishes) (i). 



ORDER ACANTHOPTERYGII. 



Blennius (blennies) (5). Trachiniis (weavers) (2). 



Gobius (gobies) (4). Trigla (gurnards) (10). 



Xiphias (swordfishes) (i). Scorpcena (scorpion-fishes) (2). 



Scomber (mackerels) (5). Coitus (sculpins) (5). 



Mugil (mullets) (i). Zeus (John dories, etc.) (3). 



Labrus (wrasses) (9). Chstodon (butterfly-fishes) (4). 



Sparus (porgies) (15). Gasterosteus (stickle-backs) (3). 



5c{(K«a (croakers) (2). Leplurus (cutlass-fishes) ( = Trichiu- 

 Perca (perch and bass) (7). rus) (i). 



ORDER BRANCHIOSTEGI. 



Balistes (trigger-fishes) (6). Cyclopterus (lump-fishes) (i). 



Ostracion (trunk-fishes) (22). Lophius (anglers) (i). 



ORDER CHONDROPTERYGII. 



Petromyzn (lampreys) (3). Squalus (sharks) (14). 



Acipenser (sturgeons) (2). Raja (rays) (11). 



