The History of Ichthyology 411 



Sea (" Ichthyologie Pontiquc," Paris, 1840) and Eichwald those 

 of the Caspian. More recently, S. Herzcnstein, Warpachow- 

 sky, K. Kessler, B. N. Dybowsky, and others have written 

 of the rich fauna of Siberia, the Caucasus, and the scarcely 

 known sea of Ochotsk. Stephan Basilevsky has written of the 

 fishes of northern China. A. Ivowalevsky has contributed 

 very much to our knowledge of anatomy. Peter Schmidt 

 has studied the fishes of the Japan Sea. 



In Germany and Austria the chief local works have been 

 those of Heckel and Kner on the fresh-water fishes of Austria 

 (1858) and C. Th. von Siebold on the fresh-water fishes of 

 Central Europe (1863). German ichthyologists have, however, 

 often extended their view to foreign regions where their charac- 

 teristic thoroughness and accuracy has made their work illu- 

 minating. The two memoirs of Eduard I^iippell on the fishes 

 of the Red Sea and the neighboring parts of Africa, "Atlas zu 

 der Reise im Nordlichen Afrika," 1828, and " Neue AVirbel- 

 thiere," 1837, rank with the very best of descriptive literature. 

 Gunther's illustrated " Fische der Slidsee," published in Ham- 

 burg, may be regarded as German work. The excellent colored 

 plates are mostly from the hand of Andrew Garrett. Other 

 papers are those of Dr. AYilhelm Peters on Asiatic fishes, the 

 most important being on the fishes of Mozambique. J. J. 

 Heckel, Rudolph Kner, and Franz Steindachner, successively 

 directors of the iluseum at Vienna, have written largely on 

 fishes. The papers of Steindachner cover almost every part 

 of the earth and are absolutely essential to any systematic 

 study of fishes. No naturalist of any land has surpassed Stein- 

 dachner in industry or accuracy, and his work has the advan- 

 tage of the best illustrations of fishes made by any artist, the 

 noted Eduard Konopicky. In association with Dr. Doder- 

 lein, formerly of Tokyo, Dr. Steindachner has given an excel- 

 lent account of the fishes of Japan. Other German writers 

 are J. J. Kaup, who has worked in numerous fields, but as a 

 whole with little skill. Dr. S. B. Klunzingcr, Avho has gi\'en 

 excellent accounts of the fishes of the Red Sea, and Dr. Franz 

 Hilgendorf, of the University oi Berlin, whose papers on the 

 fishes of Japan and other regions have shown a high grade of 

 taxonomic insight. A writer of earUer date is W. L. von Rapp, 



