412 The History of Ichthyology 



who wrote on the " Fische den Bodensees." J. F. Brandt has 

 written of the sturgeons of Russia, and Johann ]\Iarcusen, to 

 whom Ave owe much of our knowledge, of the Aformyri of Africa. 



In Italy, Charles Lucien Bonaparte, Prince of Canino, has 

 pubhshed an elaborate "Fauna Itahca" (1838) and in numer- 

 ous minor papers has taken a large part in the development of 

 ichthyology. Many of the accepted names of the large groups 

 (as Elasmobranchii, Heterosomata, etc.) were first suggested 

 bv Bonaparte. The work of Rafinesque has been already 

 noticed. 0. G. Costa published (about 1850) a "Fauna of 

 Naples." In recent times Camillo Ranzani, of Bologna, wrote 

 on the fishes of Brazil and of the Mediterranean. Giovanni 

 Canestrini, Deeio A'inciguerra, Enrico Hillyer Giglioli, Luigi 

 Doderlcin, and others have contributed largely to our knowledge 

 of Italian fishes, Avhile Carlo F. Emery, F. de Filippi, Luigi 

 Faccioki, and others have studied the larval growth of dift'erent 

 species. Camillo Ranzani, G. G. Bianconi, Domenico Nardo, 

 Cristdforo Bellotti, Alberto Perugia, and others have con- 

 tributed to difi'erent fields of ichthyology. 



Nicholas jVpostolicles and, still later, Horace A. Hoft'man 

 and the present writer, have written of the fishes of Greece. 



In France, the fresh-Avater fishes are the subject of an impor- 

 tant work by Emile Blanchard (1866), and Emile Moreau has 

 given us a convenient account of the fish fauna of France. 

 Leon A'aillant has written on various groups of fishes, his 

 monograph of the American darters (Etheostomiiiff) being a 

 master] )iece so far as the results of the study of relatively scanty 

 material Avould pemiit. The "Mission Scientifique au Mex- 

 ique," by \'ailkmt and F. Boeourt, is one of the most valuable 

 contributions to our knowledge of the fishes of that region. Dr. 

 11. E. Sauvage, of Boulognc-sur-Mcr, has also written largely 

 on the fishes of Asia, Africa, and other regions. Among the 

 most important of these are the " Poissons de ]\Iadagascar," 

 and a monograph of the sticklebacks. Alexander Thominot 

 and Jacques Pellegidn have also written, in the Museum of the 

 Jardm des Plantes, on difl'ercnt groups of fishes. Earher 

 writers were Constant Dtuneril, Al]dionse Guiehenot, L. Bris- 

 sot de Barneville, H. Hollard, an aide anatomist, and Bibron, 

 an associate of Auguste Dumeril. 



