The Evolution of Fishes 



455 



array of modern fishes, typified by the perch, the bass, the 

 mackerel, the wrasse, the globefish, the sculpin, the seahorse, 

 and the cod descended in many diverging hnes. The earliest 

 of the spine-rayed fishes with thoracic fins belong to the type 



Fig. 267. — Cardinal-fish, a perch-like fish, Apogon semilineatus Schlegel. 



Misaki, Japan. 



of Berycidce, a group characterized by rough scales, the reten- 

 tion of a primitive bone between the eyes, and the retention of 

 the primitive larger number of ventral rays. These appear 

 in the Cretaceous or chalk deposits, and show various attributes 



Fig. 268. — >Summer Herring, Pomolohus astivalis (Mitchill). Potomac River. 



Family Clupeida'. 



of transition from the abdominal to the thoracic type of ven- 

 trals. 



Another line of descent apparently distinct from that of the 



