ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING. 
borders. Plant, Sept. to April. Propagate by layering shoots in 
*SPRGIES OULTIVATED: 0. € 
af : ©. €astigia i a in., Himalayas; ©. 
hypnoides, white and red, June, 9 in., Ths ae ete aka March, 
9 to 12 in., Arotio Regions. Formerly knowa under generic name of Andromeda. 
Castanea (Sweet or Spanish Chestnut).—Ord. Corylaceez. Hardy 
deciduous trees. Bears edible nuts, which should be ‘separated from 
the husks when latter fall in autumn, then be thoroughly dried in the 
sun or warm oven, and stored in air-tight jars or boxes in a cool, dry 
aces Young trees much grown as coppice wood for game shelter. 
robably introduced to Britain by Romans. 
CULTURE: Soil, deep, rich, dry, & sandy. Position, open, sunny. 
Plant, Oct. to Feb. Propagate by sowing nuts 3 in. deep & Gin. apart 
in open garden in Nov. or Feb. Transplant seedlings when a year old. 
Distance apart to plant, 25 ft. for avenues & 5 ft. apart for underwood. 
Timber most valuable in a young state; brittle when old. One bushel 
of seed will yield 3,000 plants. Number of seeds in a pound, 115. 
Weight of bushel of seed, 581b. Quantity of seeds to sow an acre, 
600lb. Average price of timber per cubic foot, 1s. 3d. Timber 
reaches maturity at 50 years. Average life, 500 years. Uses: Rafters 
in churches, cabinet work, post and rail fencing, rustic work. 
SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. sativa, 50 to 60 ft., S. Europe, N. Africa, ets.; 
a ely, varieties, aureo-marginatus (golden-edged), and heterophylla dissecta (cut- 
aved). 
Castanopsis (Golden-leaved Chestnut), — Ord. Cupulifere. 
Hardy deciduous ornamental-leaved tree. 
CULTURE: Soil, sandy or well-drained loam. Position, lawns or 
mixed shrubberies. Plant, Oct. to March. Propagate as advised for 
Sweet Chestnut. 
SPECIES CULTIVATED: C. chrysophylla (Syn. Castanea chrysophylla), N. 
America. 
Castilleja (Painted Cup).—Ord. Scrophularinew. Half-hardy 
perennials. Plants with showy bracts. 
CULTURE: Compost, two parts peat, one part of equal proportions 
of loam, leaf-mould, & sand. cat a sunny sheltered borders. Plant 
in April. Protect in winter. Propagate by seeds sown in temp. 55? 
to 65° in March, hardening off seedlings in cold frame. 
SPECIES OULTIVATED: O. coccinea, yellow and scarlet, July, 1 ft.; animata, 
yellow, summer, 2 ft.; pallida, white, 1 ft., N. America. 
Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis).—See Ricinus. 
Catalpa (Indian Bean).—Ord. Bignoniacee. Hardy deciduous 
flowering and ornamental-leaved trees. First introduced 1726. 
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary, good. Position, sunny, sheltered lawns. 
Plant, Oct. to April. Propagate by cuttings of firm shoots inserted in 
sandy soil under bell-glass in temp. 55° to 65° in summer. 
SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. bignonioides (Indian Bean), white, spotted purple 
and yellow, July, 20 to 30 ft., United States, and its variety aurea (golden-leaved) ; 
cordifolia, white, June, 20 to 30 ft., United States; Ksmpferi, yellow, spotted red, 
July, 20 ft., Japan. 
Gatananche (Blue Cupidone; Blue Succory).—Ord. Composite. 
Hardy perennials and annuals. First introduced 1596. Flowers may 
be cut and dried for winter decoration. Gather when fully developed. 
CULTURE: Soil, ordinary. Position, warm borders. Plant, April. 
Propagate by seeds sown }1n. deep in light soil in temp. 55° in March, 
transplanting seedlings outdoors in June. 
SPECIES CULTIVATED: O. cerulea, blue, 2 ft., July and Aug., 8. Europe; 
crrulea bicolor, white and blue; lutea, yellow, June, 1 ft., S. Europe. Last named 
is an annual. 
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