ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING. 
CULTURE OF CARNATIONS AND PICOTEES: Soil, three parts 
decayed turfy loam, one part of equal proportions of well-decayed cow 
manure & river sand for exhibition kinds; good, well-drained, rich, 
ordinary soil for border kinds. Position, sunny beds or_ borders. 
Plant 12in. apart in Oct. or March. Top-dress with decayed manure 
in April. Thin flower buds to one on each shoot in June, & place india- 
rubber band round calyx of flower to prevent bursting early in July. 
Stake flower stems in May. Apply liquid manure once a week when 
buds form. Suitable artificial manure: Sulphaté of ammonia, }0z., & 
eae 30z. to 2 gallons of water. Shade exhibition blooms from 
ot sun. 
POT CULTURE: Compost, as advised for exhibition culture. Posi- 
tion, cold frame, Oct. to Feb., cold greenhouse afterwards. Grow 
singly in 3-inch pots from Oct. till March, freely afterwards. Apply 
8in. pot. Water moderately Oct. to March, freely afterwards. Apply 
liquid manure once a week from April to July. Thin buds and place 
rings round calyces, as above advised. Give plenty of air. 
CULTURE OF TREE OR PERPETUAL CARNATIONS: Insert 
cuttings, i.e., ae of shoots, 3 in. long, pulled out, & with few lower 
leaves removed, in well-drained pots of pure sand between Nov. & 
March. Place in a box or propagator, keep moist, & shaded from sun 
till rooted. No artificial heat required. When rooted, plant cuttings 
singly in small pots in compost of two parts sandy loam & one part 
equa proportions of leaf-mould & sand. Stand potted plants in temp. 
45° to 55° till pots are filled with roots, then repot into larger pots in 
compost of two-thirds loam, & one part equal proportions old manure, 
wood ashes, & sand, & handful of bone-meal to each peck of soil. Stop 
or piach shoots at the third or fourth joint after first potting; again 
at intervals when shoots are a few inches long, ceasing to do so in 
Sept. Feed with liquid manures when well rooted. Stand outdoors 
May to Sept., then house. Winter temp. 45° to 55°. Ventilate freely 
in fine weather. Syringe daily during spring & summer. May also be 
grown outdoors like border carnations. . 
CULTURE OF MALMAISON CARNATIONS: Propagate by layering 
shoots in July. Plant rooted layers in small pots in Aug. or Sept. 
Place in cold frame or greenhouse, and transfer to five or six-inch pot 
in Oct. Water moderately during winter. Temp., 36° to 46°. Feed 
with liquid manure when buds form. Shade in spring from sun. Admit 
air freely on fine days. 
CULTURE OF PINKS: Soil, ordinary rich. Position, sunny bor- 
ders. Plant 9in. apart in autumn or spring. Thin shoots to four on 
each plant to ensure fine blooms. Feed with liquid manure in May 
and June. 
CULTURE OF SWEET WILLIAMS: Soil, ordinary, rich. Posi- 
tion, sunny beds or borders. Plant 12in. apart each way in autumn. 
CULTURE OF BIENNIAL SPECIES: Sow seeds in gentle heat in 
spring, harden off seedlings in cold frame, & plant out in beds & 
borders in May to flower same season; or, sow in open border in April, 
plant out in July to flower following year. 
CULTURE OF PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, sandy loam. Position, 
sunny rockeries. Plant, Oct. or March. 
Propagate carnations, pinks & picotees by seeds sown in sandy soil 
in heat or in cold frames in spring; by cuttings or pipings in cold 
frames in summer; layering in July or Aug. Sweet Williams by seeds 
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