ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING. 
Pyrus (Apple; Pear; Crab; Medlar; Quince; Mountain Ash; 
Rowan Tree; White Beam Tree) —Ord. Rosacew. Hardy deciduous 
fruit-bearing & flowering trees & shrubs. 
CULTURE OF APPLE: Soil, deep loam. Position, open, sheltered 
gardens, N.W. or E. walls. Plant, Nov. to Feb. Distance for plant- 
ing: Cordons, 18in.; bush-trained trees, 12ft.; pyramids, 12ft.; fan- 
trained trees, 15 ft.; espaliers, 18 ft.; standards, 21 to 24 ft. Distance 
from paths: Pyramids, 5ft.; bush-trained, 2ft. Gin. Mode of bear 
ing: On spurs formed on older branches & base of shoots of previous 
year’s growth. Fruit buds may be distinguished from growth buds 
by having four leaves growing in a cluster. Summer pruning: Shorten 
all side shoots on cordon trees to the second latent bud—about 1in.— 
from their base in June; leave the leader unpruned. Remove the 
points of the strongest young shoots on pyramids & bushes in July; 
leave the weak ones untouched. Secure to the wall suitably-placed 
young shoots of fan-trained trees to form future branches, & shorten 
remaining ones to two leaves in July. Allow the extremity of each 
espalier branch to grow unchecked & shorten side growths to two or 
three leaves in July. Standards require no summer pruning. 
Autumn & winter pruning: Shorten secondary shoots of cordons to 
within lin. of their base in Sept.; no further pruning required. 
Shorten all shoots, except leading ones, of bushes & pyramids to 
within 2 in. of their base in Sept.; leading shoots to 6 or 8 in. in Nov. 
Prune to within 2in. of base all side shoots on fan-trained trees; 
leading shoots, intended to form new branches, to 6, 9, or 12 in. in Nov. 
Espalier side shoots shorten to 2in. in Aug. or Sept.; leaders at end of 
branches to 6, 9, or 12in. in Nov. Simply thin out branches of stan- 
dards, keep centre quite open, & shorten any extra vigorous shoots. 
Mulch newly-planted trees with thick layer of manure. Root prune 
vigorous unfruitful trees in Sept. Lift & replant every third year 
cordon, bush, & pyramid trees to keep them fruitful. Gather fruit 
when, on lifting it by the hand, from a vertical to a horizontal posi- 
tion, it readily parts from the tree. Store in dark, cool, frost-proof 
room (temp. 40° to 45°). Chemical manures: (1) Superphosphate of 
lime 12 parts (by weight); nitrate of potash, 10 parts; common salt, 
4 parts; sulphate of magnesia, 2 parts; sulphate of iron, 1 part; sul- 
phate of lime, 8 parts. To be applied at the rate of 41b. per square 
yard in March or April. (2) Equal parts (by weight) kainit, sulphate 
of soda, & superphosphate of lime. To be applied at the rate of 6 lbs. 
per tree after pruning. Natural manures: (3) Decayed cow manure 
spread on surface of soil over roots in Nov. or Dec. (4) Poultry dung 
applied in a similar manner. (5) Soapsuds applied liberally in autumn 
& winter. (6) Liquid horse or cow manure & urine applied at any 
time. Stocks ased for budding or grafting: Crab & seedling apple for 
standards; English Paradise for pyramids & bushes; French Paradise 
for cordons & very dwarf trees. Propagate for new sorts by seeds sown 
3 in. deep outdoors in March; grafting in March, or budding in July & 
Aug., to perpetuate existing varieties. 
Market anp OrcHarp Cuture: Soil, loam overlying clay sub- 
soil: Position, land sloping to S.E. or §8.W., just above a valley. 
Plant, Oct. to March. Distances for planting: Standards, 20ft.; 
dwarfs, 12ft. Trees to plant a statute acre: Standards, 108; dwarfs, 
302. Cost of planting a statute acre: Standard trees, £9; dwarf 
trees, £8; preparing land, £8; manure, £8; planting and staking 
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