ENCYCLOP.EDIA OF GARDENING. 
deep in Nov., & loz. of nitrate of soda per square yard applied in 
March. (2) 1}1b. superphosphate of lime, 141b. of nitrate of soda, 
1lb. of kainit, 3lb. common salt per square rod, half applied in 
March, remainder in June. (3) Two parts by weight of nitrate of soda, 
1 part superphosphate, 1 part kainit, to be applied at the rate of 2 1b. 
per 100 canes in Oct. or Nov. (Griffiths.) Propagate by seeds sown 
outdoors in a shady border as soon as ripe; by division of roots in 
autumn. j 
Marxer Cunture: Soil, rich sandy loam. Position, not too 
dry. Manures: Farmyard dung at rate of 20 tons per acre, ploughed 
in before planting. Top-dress annually in winter with 3 cwt. of super- 
phosphate & lewt. of kainit per acre in winter, & 2cwt. of nitrate of 
soda in April. Distance to plant, 1 ft. apart in rows 4 ft. asunder. 
Number of plants to the acre, 6,987. Cost of trees per acre, £10; 
preparing land for planting, £7; manure, £5; planting, 20s.; total, 
£16. Cost of cultivation per acre: Digging & hoeing, 32s; pruning, 
12s.; gathering fruit, £10; annual manuring, £5. Average yield per 
acre: 2 tons. Average returns per acre (gross), £46. Average returns 
(net), £28. 
CULTURE OF BLACKBERRIES: Soil, deep rich loam, liberally 
dressed with old mortar. Position, trained to sunny fences, or in 
rows in open garden, with shoots trained to a rough trellis. Plant in 
autumn, 1 ft. apart in rows 4ft. asunder. Prune in autumn, cutting 
away shoots that have borne fruit directly after fruiting, & remov- 
ing tips off remaining shoots in Dec. Top-dress annually in winter 
Prepabate by layering shoots in summer, or dividing the roots in 
summer. 
CULTURE OF LOGANBERRY: Soil as for raspberries. Plant, 
4ft. apart each way in autumn. Shorten shoots well back first season. 
Place four stakes around each plant, at a distance of 3ft. from the 
base, & train growths spirally around these. Prune after fruiting, 
cutting away shoots that have borne fruit, & removing soft tips of 
remaining shoots in Dec. Top-dress with decayed manure in winter. 
Propagate by layering shoots in summer, or dividing the roots in 
autumn. 
CULTURE OF HARDY HERBACEOUS SPECIES: Soil, sandy peat. 
Position, shady rockery. Plant, autumn or spring. Water freely in 
dry weather. Propagate by division in spring. 
CULTURE OF HARDY SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, good ordinary. 
Position, sunny or shady borders. Plant in Oct. Prune after flower- 
ing, cutting away old flowering shoots. Propagate by division in 
autumn. 
FRUIT-BEARING SPECIES: R. Ideus (Raspberry), white, May, berries red or 
yellow, 6 to 8 ft., Europe; Ideus Loganii (Loganberry), a cross between the Rasp- 
berry and Blackkerry, berries purple, 8 to 12 ft., America; laciniatus (American 
Blackberry), white, summer, berries black, 8 to 12 ft.; phcenicolasius (Wineberry), 
pink, summer, berries crimson, 10 to 20 ft., Japan; roseflorus flore simplici (Straw- 
berry-raspberry), a plant of no value in this country. 
HERBACEOUS SPECIES: R. cesia (Dewberry), white, summer, 4 to 6 in., 
Britain; arcturus, pink, June, 6 in., N. Europe. 
HARDY SHRUBBY SPECIES: R. biflorus, white, May, 8 ft., Himalayas; 
deliciosus, white, May, 6 ft., Rocky Mountains; nutkanus (Nootka Sound Bramble). 
white, summer, 6 ft., N. America; odoratus (Virginian Raspberry), purple and 
red, summer, 6 ft., N. America; spectabilis (Salmon Berry), rosy red, May, 6 ft., 
California; ulmifolia flore pleno (Daisy-flowered Bramble), pink, double, summer, 
8 to 12 ft., Europe, 
377 
