ENCYCLOPHDIA OF GARDENING. 
55°, & when new shoots form remove these with portion of old roots. 
place in small pots, harden off & plant out 12in. apart in May; or 
plant old roots, dividing them, if necessary, direct into beds in April. 
Peg shoots down as they grow. May be grown outdoors altogether 
in well-drained soils in sheltered districts. 
PROPAGATION OF VERBENAS: Propagate garden verbenas by 
seeds sown 1-16in. deep in pots, pans, or boxes filled with a com- 
post of equal parts loam & leaf-mould & little sand, placed in a temp. 
65° to 75° in Jan., Feb., or March, transplanting seedlings when 
third leaf forms in boxes or pans, placing these on shelf near glass 
in temp. 55°, transferring when fairly strong singly to 2}-in. pots, & 
later on to a larger size; by cuttings inserted in a bed of sandy soil 
in cold frame in Aug., lifting cuttings when rooted & planting 2 in. 
apart in boxes or pans & storing on shelf in greenhouse until March, 
then potting off singly in small pots; or young shoots taken off in 
Feb. or March, & inserted in damp sand under bell-glass in temp. 63°; 
V. venosa, by division of the roots in spring, or cuttings of shoots 
inserted in cold frame in Aug. 
BIENNIAL SPECIES: V. Aubletia (Rose Vervain), purple or lilac, summer, 1 ft., 
N. America, hardy. 
HALF-HARDY SPECIES: V. venosa, lilac, summer, 2 ft., Argentine. 
Vernonia (Ironweed).—Ord. Composite. Hardy herbaceous 
flowering plants. First introduced 1710. 
CULTURE: Soil, rich, sandy loam. Position, sunny borders. 
Plant, March or April. Top-dress with decayed manure in spring. 
Propagate by seeds sown in sandy soil in a cold frame in March or 
April, or outdoors in a sunny border in April; also by division of the 
roots in March or April. 
SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. altissima, purple and violet, autumn, 4 ft., T. 
States; arkansana, purple, autumn, 3 to 4 ft., N. America; noveboracensis, 
purple, summer, 4 to 5 ft., U. States. 
Veronica (Speedwell).—Ord. Scrophulariacee. Half-hardy & 
hardy evergreen flowering shrubs & hardy herbaceous perennials. 
CULTURE OF SHRUBBY SPECIES: Soil, ordinary or loam & peat. 
Position, sunny rockeries, borders, or beds near the sea coast, or in 
inland sheltered districts south of the Trent. Plant, Sept. or April. 
Protect in very severe weather. Prune straggly plants into shape in 
April. : 
POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part peat, & little 
sand. Position, sunny greenhouse, windows, corridors, porches, or 
balconies. Pot, Sept. or March. Water freely, April to Oct.; mode- 
rately other times. Apply stimulants occasionally to healthy plants 
during summer. Plants put out in rich soil in sunny position in 
May, kept well watered, lifted, & placed in pots in Sept., will usually 
flower freely in the greenhouse during autumn. 
CULTURE OF HARDY PERENNIAL SPECIES: Soil, ordinary 
rich. Position, sunny borders or rockeries. Plant, Sept. to Nov., 
Feb. to May. Lift, divide, & replant triennially. Water freely in 
dry weather. Mulch annually in April with decayed manure. Pro- 
pagate shrubby species by cuttings inserted in sandy soil under bell- 
glass in spring; under hand-light or in cold frame in summer; peren- 
nials by division of roots in autumn or spring; seeds sown in light 
soil in shade outdoors in April. 
SHRUBBY SPECIES: V. Andersoni, blue, summer, 2 to 3 ft.; Andersoni varie- 
gata, varicgated; Bidwellii, white and violet, summer, 6 to 12 in., New Zealand; 
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