ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING. 
(b) two parts loam, one part of equal proportions of leaf-mould & 
sand; (c) ordinary light mould, enriched with cow manure; (d) clayey 
or heavy soils, with decayed horse or cow manure. Soil best manured 
& dug previous autumn. Position, open, light, sheltered, away from 
roots & branches of trees, & shaded from midday sun. Plant pansies 
in Sept., Oct., or April, 12in. apart each way; tufted pansies, March 
or April, 10in. apart each way. Mulch with cow manure & leaf- 
mould in May or June. Stir the surface frequently. Water copiously 
in dry weather, applying it in the evening. Remove all flower buds 
until plants are established. If exhibition blooms are desired, allow 
only one bloom to grow on each shoot. Manures: (1) loz. guano 
to a gall. of water; (2) 3.0z. sulphate of ammonia, }0z. superphosphate 
of lime, 3 0z. sulphate of iron tp 2 gall. of water (Griffiths); (3) liquid 
soot, prepared by enclosing a peck of soot & a heavy stone in a canvas 
bag, and immersing this with a few crystals of sulphate of iron in 
30 gall. of water, used undiluted; (4) liquid cow or sheep dung, 
prepared by placing a peck of dung in 40 gall. of water, keeping 
mixture stirred at intervals for a week, then applying liquid in a 
clear state undiluted. All the foregoing may be applied every ten 
days or so during growing & flowering season. Violettas best grown 
as edgings to beds or in patches on rockeries. Plant in May. 
CULTURE OF VIOLET: Soil, ordinary, previously well-enriched 
with well-decayed manure. Clay soils require plenty of grit, decayed 
vegetable refuse & manure incorporated with them. Light & gravelly 
soils need a liberal amount of cow manure & loam or clay mixed with 
them. Position, border or bed on north or north-east side of hedge, 
or under the shade of fruit trees. Full exposure to hot summer sun 
undesirable. Plant ‘“‘crowns” Qin. apart in rows 12in. asunder, 
April. “Crowns” are portions separated from parent plant, each 
furnished with roots. Water when first planted « shade trom sun. 
Apply manures recommended for pansies at intervals of three weeks 
during summer. Remove runners, i.e. shoots that issue from the 
“crowns,” as they form during summer, & keep plants free from 
weeds. Lift plants for winter blooming in Sept., & replant, 6 to 
8in. apart, in equal parts good soil & leaf-mould in a cold sunny 
frame. Water freely in fine weather. Protect from frost. In case 
of deep frames decayed manure may be used to fill up space to 
within 12in. of light, putting 6in. of above soil on this. Replant 
annually. 
POT CULTURE: Compost, two parts loam, one part leaf-mould, 
& one part sand. Pot, April, placing six “crowns” in a 6-in. pot. 
Place in a shady frame, & water moderately. Plunge pots to their 
rims outdoors in shade in May, & let them remain till Sept., when 
remove to greenhouse. Water freely outdoors; moderately in winter. 
Winter temp., 40° to 50°. 
CULTURE OF OTHER SPECIES: Soil, ordinary, rich. Position, 
moist, partially-shaded rockeries, beds, or borders. Plant, March or 
April, 3 to Gin. apart. Tponneate by seeds sown in light sandy soil 
in boxes or pans in cold shady frame in July or Aug., transplanting 
seedlings into flowering positions in Sept. or Oct.; by cuttings in- 
serted in cold shady frames in Aug. or Sept.; divisions in Sept. or Oct.; 
violets by runners in April. 
SPECIES CULTIVATED: V. alpina, purple, June, 3 in., E. Europe; altaica 
(Altaian Violet), purple, May, 6 in., Siberia; biflora (Twin-flowered Violet), yellow, 
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