SYMPTOMATOI.OGY. SEMEIOI/OGY. 



Definition. Symptom. Sign. Constitutional symptoms — local, object- 

 ive, subjective, direct — idiopathic, indirect — symptomatic, premonitory. 

 Anamnesis. Position. Movements. Decubitus. Acute. Chronic. Fe- 

 ver. Sthenic. Asthenic. State of limbs, muzzle, nose, snout, palmar- 

 pad, hoof, bill, digits, mouth. Thermometry. Normal temperature, in 

 doors, in field, at work, in hot season, in nervous subject, in thirst, in 

 youth — age, starvation, plethora, cold, sleep, rest, stimulants, suppressed 

 perspiration, eliminants, antipyretics. Fever temperature, morning, even- 

 ing, transient elevation, persistent rise, sudden fall — collapse, crisis. Fatal 

 elevation. Rise during defervescence. Pulse. Respiration. Skin, star- 

 ing coat, pallor, coldness, dryness, harshness, mellovyness, pliancy, hide- 

 bound, yolk, clapped wool, scurfy, lesions, itchiness, tenderness, loss of 

 hair, emphysema, anasarca, sweat, sebum. Expression, life, dullness, 

 paralysis, dropsy, jaundiced, eye, discolorations, photophobia, amaurosis, 

 pinched face. Nasal mucosa, red, violet, etc., nodules, polypi, osseous dis- 

 ease, pentastoma, oestrus, discharge from teeth — sinuses — actimomycosis — 

 tumors. State of the bowels, kidneys, nervous system. 



The usual basis of diagnpsis must be a clear and intelligent 

 observation of the symptoms of disease. A symptom is an ap- 

 preciable evidence of disease. A jy^e/^ow however may, indicate 

 illness, without affording the means of diagnosis, while the term 

 sign'xs often used for a pathognomonic symptom— rone by which 

 the disease can be identified. Used in this sense a sign may be 

 said to be a diagnostic symptom. 



1. Constitutional Symptoms are such as affect the entire 

 system, like a rise of body temperature, or a shivering fit. 



2. Local Symptoms are confined to a definite area as red- 

 ness, tenderness, swelling, ulceration. 



3. Objective Symptoms include all that can be recognized 

 by the senses of the observer. These alone are available in deal- 

 ing with the lower animals. 



4. Subjective Symptoms can only be felt by the patient 

 himself, as pain, giddiness, cold, heat, blindness, numbness. 

 Such symptoms are therefore only obtainable from the human 

 patient who can tell how he feels. In the lower animals they 

 can only be matter of inference, thus pain may be inferred from 

 lameness or wincing on pressure, and giddiness from unsteady 



