CATARRH OF THE FRONTAI, SINUSES IN CATTLE. 

 CATARRH FROM TRAUMATISM. 



Extent of sinuses in cattle. Causes, blows, unequal teams, locking horns, 

 fracture. Pathology. Congestion, exudation, suppuration, swelling and 

 closure of outlet, prostration, fever, agalactia, septic infection, ulceration, 

 exclusion of oxygen. Symptoms. Crimson haemorrhage, disturbed breath- 

 ing, appetite, rumination, position of head and eyelids, percussion and 

 temperature of forehead, fever. Chronic form. Slow progress, emaciation, 

 anorexia, facial^ expression, hide, discharge, breath heavy or foetid. Dura- 

 tion. Prognosis. Lesions in sinuses and glands. Treatment. Cold irriga- 

 tion, icebags, elevation of head, laxatives, diuretics, dehorning, trephining, 

 injections, astringent, antiseptic, blister, tonics. 



The gravity of this affection is a consequence of the great ex- 

 tent of the delicate mucous membrane which lines the frontal 

 sinus. This cavity not only occupies the whole forehead from 

 beneath the eyes up to the frontal crest, but extends, in the ma- 

 ture horned animal, into the tapering bony process which forms 

 the basis of support for the horn. The mucosa is rendered all 

 the more extensive by the numerous pillars and septa that pass 

 from the outer bony plate to the inner, giving great strength to 

 the part for purposes of offense and defence. Inflammation of 

 this membrane is usually the result of blows on the horns, and 

 these are much more common among working oxen than dairy 

 cows. The immediate cause is violent contact with the yoke 

 when the head is lowered at pasture, and from blows of a club in 

 the hands of the driver. In countries where the yoke is a broad 

 padded board hung from the horns and resting on the forehead 

 traumatic injuries are much more common. The active and vig- 

 orous animal gets the greater part of the work, and the wrench 

 and jar may induce haemorrhage and catarrh. If the yoke is ill- 

 made or badly fitted the case is worse. The blows sustained by 

 horn or forehead in an ordinary fight, may also be the cause, and 

 a partial or complete fracture of the bony support is especially 

 hurtful when the detached horn is replaced so as to close in the 

 cavity. Blows on the frontal crest are also dangerous. 



The pathology of the disease consists in an inflammation of the 

 mucosa of the sinus, and the filling of that cavity with blood or, 



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