LeukcBtnia. Leucocythmmia. 381 



it is not due to simple hypertrophy or irritation of the leukogenic 

 centers is plain, as it does not follow on ordinary diseases and in- 

 juries of these parts, but what is the precise nature of the morbid 

 cause has so far eluded us. 



Symptoms. Pallor of the visible mucous membranes, listless- 

 ness, lack of energy and endurance, breathlessness and perspira- 

 ration on the slightest exertion, ardent thirst, rapidly advancing 

 emaciation, unsteady gait, stiffness or lameness, lies most of the 

 time, walks with pendent head, and jaws open, small, weak 

 pulse, anaemic murmur in the heart, enlarged lymph glands, or 

 spleen felt beneath the left lumbar transverse processes in the ox, 

 or in the left hypochondrium in the horse. Bleeding from the 

 nose or elsewhere, slight hsemorrhage into the conjunctiva, irri- 

 table conditions of the bowels, diarrhoea and dropsies are sug- 

 gestive. The blood when obtained in epistaxis or drawn by a 

 needle prick may be pale rose, brownish or grayish brown instead 

 of red, and under the microscope shows the enormous excess of 

 leucocytes — the ratio to the red being sometimes 1:2, or even 

 more, in the human subject. In the domestic animals the fol- 

 lowing ratios have been made by actual count : 1:85 (Leblanc 

 and Nocard), 1:50, 1:45 (Mauri), 1:20 (Nocard), 1:15 (Siedam- 

 grotzky), 1:12 (Forestier and I/aforque). The normal average 

 for the domestic animal according to Nocard is 1:900. This great 

 relative excess of white globules serves to distinguish this malady 

 from anaemia, and its persistency is a means of diagnosis from 

 transient leucocytosis. 



The red globules are always reduced in number in the horse 

 and dog to 5,082,000, and even 2,050,000 per cubic millimetre, 

 while the normal is 7,500,000 (Nocard). 



In clotting, the blood forms an extensive buffy coat, and in soli- 

 pedes which normally show this, the blood set in a test tube 

 forms three strata, the upper slightly yellow, semi-transparent 

 and formed of fibrine ; a median of a dull, opaque white color 

 and formed mainly of leucocytes and blood plates, and a lower of 

 a violet red and formed mainly of red globules. 



The amount of fibrine is variable. It becomes granular when 

 beaten. Albumen is variable but usually reduced. 



The visible mucous membranes are bloodless and of a 

 clear porcelain white. The walk becomes weaker, fore feet wide 



