53 
inflammation of the lungs and bronchitis, and also that it is a frequent 
concomitant of influenza. Sometimes pleurisy is ushered in by a slight chill, 
at other times _ by a 2, pronounced. shivering: fit. Thé animal is RCM a 
restless, and shows signs of pain, aggravated by moving or breathing, which, 
though quickened, is performed carefully. The pulse is increased, especially 
when the horse is moved round, and the chest wall is very tender. The. 
expression is anxious, and indicative of great pain. The pulse is increased 
in frequency, and it is hard, and firmer than in the last affection. The 
temperature is not so high as in the last disease, ranging from 103° to 104°, 
The mouth is hot and dry, but the expired air is not so much heated as in- 
pneumonia. In the inspiratory act the ribs are fixed, and in consequence of 
this, a furrow which is called the “pleuritic ridge” is formed. This extends 
from the bottom of the back part of the chest, and runs obliquely in an 
upward and backward direction to the hips. Cough is a frequent symptom 
of pleurisy. It is shorter and more painful than in inflammation of the lungs, 
and is attended with no expectoration. Not unfrequently during expiration 
the horse gives a grunt, when he is moved. If the ear be applied to the 
chest, a creaking sound may be heard. This is owing to the rubbing of the 
dry and inflamed surfaces of the lining membrane together. This sound 
appears as if close under the ear, and, as the lung moves to and fro, it is 
consequently double. It is not heard if the breathing ceases for a moment. 
The area over which it is audible may be very limited. This friction may 
sometimes even be /e/t by placing the hand over the chest wall. The 
disease now subsides, and fluid is poured out from the inflamed membrane 
and accumulates in the chest. When this happens, and the effusion 
increases, the symptoms become more severe. The pulse is raised to 80 beats 
or more per minute, and is weakened and irregular. The breathing becomes 
more laboured, and performed with very great difficulty. The flanks heave, 
there is flapping of the nostrils, and the horse’s head is generally protruded, 
Dropsical swellings may appear in various parts. 
Pleurisy generally involves only one side of the chest, in most cases the 
right. Sometimes this malady has been mistaken by the uninitiated for 
colic ; but the tenderness of one side, the constant pain, the high fever, the 
friction sound, the altered breathing, and the “pleuritic ridge” seen between 
the ‘ribs and the belly, guide us in diagnosing pleurisy. The fever soon 
subsides, and the pain diminishes in favourable cases, but where much 
effusion is poured out, the disease often lasts several weeks, and may prove 
fatal. 
The treatment of this malady is very similar to that of inflammation of 
the lungs, and therefore we need not repeat it. The woollen cloths should 
be likewise carefully applied in pleurisy. If after the abatement of the 
severe febrile symptoms, the animal seems to make no progress towards 
recovery, but still breathes with difficulty, the temperature remaining high, 
stimulating liniments may be applied to the chest, and four to six ounces of 
whiskey may be given three times daily‘ 7If we have any reason to suspect ' 
the accumulation of liquid i in the chest, one earaehin of iodide of potassium 1 
gp eae z 
