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consequence, among the hardiest animals of the whole equine tribe. They 
have been specially trained to their mode and habits of life, and artificial 
selection by man of the hardiest dams, and the dying off of the weaker 
animals, have contributed to this result. Horses should, however, not 
‘be expected to undergo prolonged fasts in our country. Moreover, it 
is to be borne in mind that in Tartary the animals are not given large 
‘quantities of oats, hay, and other fodder in abundance immediately after 
exertion. They are carefully managed, and_are hardy in consequence. 
When food is swallowed, the gastric glands pour out a juice—the “gastric 
juice ”—and this, unlike the saliva, which acts on the starchy foods, acts on 
‘the albuminous constituents, and renders them capable of absorption through 
the intestinal walls. It also dissolves the albuminous coatings of the fat 
-cells, and liberates the fat to be acted upon by the bile. The little picture 
shows the structure of these glands which secrete the juice in man, magnified 
about 350 times. The large round cells are those which secrete the juice.. 
When we consider the changes the food has to undergo in the mouth 
-and stomach before it can be absorbed, it will be seen that two hours should 
be allowed before a horse is worked after being fed. There is one more fact 
which we must mention, before passing on to the disorders of the stomach, 
and it is one which clearly indicates that the structural peculiarities of the 
horse show us that he is by nature a constant feeder. In man; in the 
ruminating animals, such as sheep, camels, deer, oxen, giraffes ; and in the 
carnivora, such as the dog, cat, lion, tiger; and many other animals, the 
bile, which is a fluid secreted by the liver, is collected in a little bag.or sac, 
