224 



GLOSSARY. 



ARTIODACTVLA (Gr. artios, even, and daktylos, a 

 finger). The name of 

 an order of hoofed ani- 

 mals in which the num- 

 ber of toes is even (two 

 or four), and there are 

 two main axes in the 

 lower part of the leg. 

 See the body of the 

 book, vol. ii. pp. 38-9 

 and 61, and under 

 Cannon-bone in this 

 Glossary. See also fig. 2. 



ARTIODACTYLE. 

 One of the Artiodactyla. 



ARYTENOID (Gr. arytaina, a ladle or cup). A term 

 applied in anatomy to two small cartilages at the top of 

 the larynx, and also to the muscles, glands, &c, connected 

 with these cartilages. 



ASTRAGALUS (Gr., the ankle-bone). The bone of 

 the ankle supporting the inner of the two bones of the 

 lower leg, namely, the tibia or shin-bone. See fig. 7. 



ATLAS (in Gr. mythology the god who was believed 



Fig. 2. — Skull of Sheep, a typical Artio- 

 dactyle, belonging to the group of the Rumi- 

 nants. Showing the close-set cheek-teeth 

 adapted for grinding, the wide interval be- 

 tween them and the front teeth of the lower 

 jaw, the incisor-shaped canine placed in a line 

 with the latter, and the absence of front-teeth 

 in the upper jaw. 



Fig. 3.— Atlas Vertebra, seen from above. 

 ri. Ring-shaped opening in the centrum or 

 body of the vertebra to receive the odontoid 

 process (o.f.) of axis vertebra (Fig. 4). 



Fig. 4. — Side view of Axis 

 Vertebra. <?./. Odontoid pro- 

 cess. 



to support the earth on his shoulders). The first vertebra 

 of the neck, articulating with and supporting the skull. 

 In the mammals it is ring-shaped, and in the higher 

 forms its centrum or body is replaced by a process from 

 the second vertebra or axis fitting into the ring. See 

 figs. 3 and 4. 



AXIS. The name of the second vertebra. See Atlas. 



BALEEN (Lat. balczna, a whale). The horny plates 

 on the palate of the true 

 or whale-bone whales. 

 See fig. 5. 



BEAM. In a special 

 sense, the main stem of 

 a deer's antler above the 

 burr. 



BICORNUATE (Lat. 

 bis, twice, and cornu, a 

 horn). Two-horned; speci- 

 fically applied to a uterus 

 which forks and terminates 

 in two cavities. 



BRAIN, Large, and 

 Small or Hind. See 

 respectively Cerebrum 

 and Cerebellum. 



BRECCIA (Ital.). In geology, an aggregate com- 

 posed wholly or mainly of angular fragments of the same 

 rock or different rocks united by a matrix or cement. 



Fig. 5. — Baleen in the 

 Upper Jaw of Whale. 



a. Section of a portion of the palate 

 of a whalebone whale showing three 

 baleen plates, i. The arrangement 

 of the baleen plates on opposite sides 

 of the jaw. 



BUNODONT (Gr. bounos, a mound, and odous, odontos, 

 a tooth). Having tubercled teeth; 

 specifically applied to a group of 

 the Artiodactyla. See fig. 6. 



BURR. A ring-shaped bony 

 ridge at the base of a deer's antler, 

 a little above the skull. 



CAECUM (Lat. mats, blind). 

 A blind process or more or less 

 elongated sac in the alimentary 

 canal of various animals. 



CALCANEUM (Lat, the heel). 

 The largest bone of the ankle, very 

 prominent in the horse. See figs. 



7, 34- 



CAMPANULATE (Lat. cam- 

 panula, a bell). Bell-shaped; speci- 

 fically applied to a certain form of 

 placenta. 



CANINE (Lat. canis, a dog). 

 The eye-tooth, the tooth coming 

 immediately after the incisors; very prominent in the 

 Carnivora, and hence named from one of the most 

 familiar members of this order. See figs. 6 and 9. 



CANNON-BONE (Gr. kanbn, a ruler). The single 

 bone extending from the toes to Fig. 7. 



the ankle-bones in ruminants and 

 some other quadrupeds. In the 

 horse it is from the first a single 

 bone and is without any longi- 

 tudinal groove; in the cow or 



Fig. 6. — Lower Jaw of Hip- 

 popotamus, ch. The Cheek- 

 teeth, originally tubercled, 

 but worn down "by use so as 

 to present the appearance of 

 clover -leaves bordered by 

 bands of enamel ; i. Incisors ; 

 c. Canines. See the body of 

 the book, vol. ii. pp. 62 and 65. 



Fig. 7. — Lower portion of the Hind-limb < 

 a Horse, t. Tibia ; ca. Calcaneum ; a. Astra- 

 galus ; se. Sesamoid bone. III. IV. Meta- 

 tarsal bones of digits III. and IV. III. is the 

 cannon-bone, and IV. one of the splint-bones. 



Fig. 8. — 1. The Cannon-bone of a Horse, formed of a single metacarpal bone 

 carrying the third digit. The digits are numbered in the cut according to the 

 usual practice. See Digit. 



2. Cannon-bone of a Sheep, formed of the fused metacarpal bones carrying the 

 third and fourth digits. II. V., Splint-bones representing the second and fifth 

 metacarpals. //. V., Nodules representing the second and fifth digits. On the 

 outside these are indicated by the false or accessory hoofs. 



3. Cannon-bone of a Camel, formed in the same way as that of the sheep. 

 Observe the complete fusion in the middle and distinct separation at the lower 

 extremity. 



4. Lower part of Fore-limb of Tragulus, showing the metacarpals of the func- 

 tional digits either not fused at all or only very partially so, and the two complete 

 but small and functionless lateral digits. 



sheep it is formed by the fusion or union of two bones, 

 and the place of fusion is indicated by a longitudinal 



