222 GOLDFISH VARIETIES AND 
inside and outside pressures. The lower frame of bars is bent up at 
the ends to form a cradle, thus reinforcing the side walls. The ends are 
finally again bent over at right angles, running in the direction of the 
wall, and laced together. Above this are two continuous bands of the 
steel. Figures 161 and 163 will indicate these points. The corners are 
always the weakest points. As the concrete is poured, lay in extra 
right-angle pieces of 12 inches total length. 
The pouring of the concrete makes a great strain on the forms. 
These need to be thoroughly braced in the beginning, for it is impossible 
to improvise means of looking after these points, once the work has 
started and the walls have bulged or the corners sprung. The outside 
bottom stakes are merely driven into the ground and not otherwise 
fastened. Outside corners in addition to being nailed are secured by 
pieces of tin, nailed through. Inside corners are held by iron elbows 
(to be had at hardware stores). They are secured by screws. The nails 
fastening side-cleats should be driven through and turned over. Concrete 
walls had best be thicker at the bottom, putting all the slope on the inside. 
A good inside depth for ordinary purposes is 15 inches, filling to 13% 
inches with water. If an overflow is to be made through side, make a 
core of soft wood and saturate it with water so that it will contract upon 
Fic. 163. Cross-section or Fin1sHep Poor 
The lowest layer represents cinders. We have indicated here the upper layer 
of re-inforcement in the base, impossible to show in Fig. 161. 
