20 Experimental Zovlogy 
tional form like Fig. 3; 
one form, the aberration artermis, 
with many groups of golden scales on the brown ground color 
and the black border, and even within the blue spots; the rest 
for the most part belonged to the aberration hygiaa, one of 
these being as extreme a form as that shown in Fig. 8. 
11 
Fic, 3. Vanessa antiopa, under surface: 
Figs. g-11 showing influence of 
(After Fischer. ) 
The under side of the 
wings of these butterflies 
is also changed, but not 
always in the same way as 
the upper side. As shown 
in Fig. ro, not only does 
the yellow border of the 
wing extend inward, as it 
does also on the upper side, 
but at the same time the 
black scales spread toward 
the periphery, darkening 
the broader yellow band, as 
shown in Fig. to. This 
figure shows the under side 
of the aberration hygiza. 
In the butterfly shown in 
Fig. 11 the whole under 
side is black, the yellow 
border having disappeared. 
This is the under side of 
the butterfly shown in Fig. 
8 that had the broadest 
development of the yellow 
band on the upper side. 
Some further details may. 
now be considered. Merri- 
field did not employ very ex- 
treme temperatures. The pupe were either iced (33° F.) or only 
cooled (39° to 57° F.). For “ forcing,” temperatures not higher 
than 70° to 80° F., or even go° F., were employed. He found 
