408 Experimental Zoology 
has a sting, the drones are without this organ. When the ab- 
domen of the gynandromorph was like that of a worker, the 
sting was perfectly developed; but if the abdomen was more 
or less like that of a drone, the sting was deformed and soft; 
and when the abdomen was entirely male in character, the com- 
plicated capulatory organs resembled completely those of a nor- 
mal drone, and the sting was absent. 
In regard to the internal reproductive organs, great irregularity 
was found to exist. No definite relation was observable between 
the kind of the somatic part and its contained reproductive 
organ. Male and female parts were often combined in the re- 
productive organs themselves, ovarian and sperm chambers 
being united in the same organ. Ina few cases, where externally 
a normal male genital apparatus was present, ovaries and ovi- 
ducts occurred. 
Von Siebold thought that these results could be explained in 
accordance with the Dzierzon theory on the grounds that an 
insufficient number of spermatozoa entered the egg so that parts 
of it lacked sufficient quantities of the male element. This 
view is, in principle, the same that has been used in more recent 
times to explain the same result; although, owing to our com- 
pleter knowledge of what takes place in fertilization, we can 
bring the interpretation into better accord with modern views. 
Gynandromorphs have also been found in other groups of 
Hymenoptera. There are some eighty cases recorded by Dalle 
Torre and Friese in 1899. Wheeler has recently reviewed all 
previously recorded cases in ants and described some new ones. 
In the group of butterflies and moths as many as 1074 cases are 
recorded by O. Schultz. 
Boveri has offered the following theory to account for the ap- 
pearance of gynandromorphous forms. He assumes that the 
spermatozoon fails to unite with the nucleus of the egg, but after 
the female nucleus has divided, the male nucleus conjugates 
with one of the two resulting nuclei. Consequently there will be 
present in the embryo two kinds cf nuclei, — one kind derived 
from the single nucleus resulting from the first division, and the 
