Secondary Sexual Characters 433 
weaker development, but are no better developed on the side 
opposite to that at which the removal took place than on the 
same side. The influence, therefore, is a general one, and not 
one-sided, as has been believed. 
If castration in man takes place in youth, it causes several 
important changes. The growth of hair on the face and other 
parts of the body is scanty or suppressed. The larynx remains 
undeveloped, so that the voice retains the high pitch of boyhood. 
Tt is also said that the shape of the pelvis is different from that of 
men, and even that parts of the brain are smaller. The large 
body size of eunuchs is likewise supposed to be due to the effects 
of castration. . 
In oxen and horses, in which castration has been carried out 
at an early age, the shape of the pelvis is altered, and it is said to 
approach in form that of the female. It also has been shown, 
in the case of cattle, horses, rabbits, dogs, and fowls, that one 
result of castration is to retain to a later stage of development 
all of the cartilaginous unions between the parts of the bones. 
This sometimes leads to an increase of growth in length of the 
bones, especially in those of the extremities, which may account 
for the immense size of eunuchs. Associated with the increase 
in the length of the bones is a certain degree of thinness in them. 
The statement is often made that the effect of castration of 
the male is to change his characters into those of the female, and 
it is not difficult to cite cases that seem to favor this view. The 
failure of the stag to develop horns reduces him to the condition 
of the female; the failure of the male fowl to develop the plum- 
age of the cock and the incomplete development of the comb, 
wattles, and spurs, as well as his inability to crow makes him 
more like the female bird; the absence of the beard in eunuchs 
and the retention of the high voice are characters associated with 
women. ‘These results are so evident that it is not surprising 
that they have been interpreted as showing that the castrated 
male has assumed female characters. On the other hand, it has 
been pointed out that the results can also be interpreted in 
another way. The castrated male may retain the immature 
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