434 Experimental Zoology 
form and characteristics of the male, and since in the immature 
condition the male has characters in common with the female, 
the resemblance may be due to this rather than to the develop- 
ment of the female characters by the male body. For instance, 
the beard is undeveloped in boyhood and the voice is pitched 
higher thanin man. In these respects the boy resembles the girl, 
and should he fail to develop a beard and retain his high voice 
when he is full grown, it may seem that he has assumed the 
female characters, while in reality he has only retained the 
immature conditions of his own sex. 
There is a further possibility to be considered. Castration 
may affect changes that are associated with this condition itself 
and have no relation to the differences between the sexes. 
These possibilities will show that great caution must be exer- 
cised in interpreting the results of castration of the male. 
A side light is thrown on the problem from another direction. 
The removal of the ovaries of the female is supposed to induce 
the development of male characters, and if this is the case the 
results would seem to support the converse proposition discussed 
above. Let us, therefore, next examine this question. 
It has been shown experimentally that the removal of the 
ovaries in young rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs causes a lack 
of development of the mammary glands. The uterus also fails 
to reach its full development. Other effects than these are not 
recorded. It is improbable that any one will claim that the 
failure of the mammary gland to develop is due to the assump- 
tion of a male character, and yet the argument is not dissimilar 
from the failure of the larynx to develop in the castrated male, 
and this has been interpreted, as we have seen, as due to the 
development of a female character. 
There seem to be no cases on record of artificial castration 
of female deer, but there are a few cases recorded in which the 
ovaries were degenerate and horns had developed. There are 
also three other cases, cited by Rorig, in which the young doe 
showed horns, and it was found upon examination that slight 
abnormalities were present in the ovaries, but they were so slight 
