70 Domestic ANIMALS. 
them have access to some good hay; next, I reduce the quan- 
tity of new milk, and give them sweet milk minus the cream, 
and by degrees teach them to drink coppered milk, feeding ten 
or twelve together in a trough. This I consider better than 
milk which is just on a change from sweet to sour. As soon as 
practicable after there is a good bite of grass, I turn them into 
pasture, even with the cows, for they know not their dams. 
I still feed them with milk until about three months old, and 
all through the season if it can be had. In this wise calves are 
hearty, learn easy to eat anything which may be offered, and 
will winter better than calves which have drawn the milk from 
cows, and have received ‘more knocks than nubbins.’ They 
are also more gentle, easier turned to the yoke, or to milk, and 
are not afraid of their masters; but, on the contrary, learn to 
know the hands that feed them. By giving them a good 
chance the first winter, they generally make good thrifty 
cattle.” 
4, Milking.—In reference to milking, Martin Doyle says: 
“Cows in general are milked but twice a day, morning and 
evening; but some of the Durham cows, particularly when in 
full season and abundantly fed, will require to be milked at 
noon also. In this case nothing is really gained in the quantity 
of milk, and its quality is weakened, as twelve hours are re- 
quired for the due chemical preparation of the milk, There- 
fore the tendency to this want of retention in a cow is not to 
be encouraged ; the milk should only be drawn off at supernu- 
merary times, if the udder be excessively distended, and the 
milk flows spontaneously. At each regular time of milking, 
the contents of the udder should be completely drawn off—the 
last drop is the richest: when there are two, three, or more 
cows, the dairy-maid, if she understands her business, will go 
with a separate vessel and milk the strippings into it until 
each udder is perfectly dry. This small portion of rich milk 
will give her more cream than a larger quantity, and she re- 
serves it, if she be a prudent person, for her own tea. 
“ A cow should be handled with exceeding gentleness, other 
