49° THE RAF.BIT CHAr, x 



pt'ritoneum of the abdomen and known as \.\\& pleura — con- 

 tains the lungs, as well as the heart enclosed in a pericardium, 

 on the ventral surface of which is an organ known as the 

 //yw/zj- (see p. 431) ; the gullet and main blood-vessels 

 also pass through the thorax. The abdomen encloses the 

 greater part of the enteric canal, together with the liver, 

 and pancreas, the spleen, and the urinogenital organs. 

 The diaphragm is convex on its anterior side, towards 

 the thorax : it consists of a central, thin, feiidiiwiis pmiiflii 

 into which radial iiiuscks are inserted. 'I'hese arise 

 from the vertebral column and posterior ribs, and arc 

 especially strong on the dorsal side, where they form two 

 bands known as the pillars of the diaphragm. When the 

 muscles contract, the diaphragm is made flatter, and thus 

 the thoracic cavity is enlarged. 



Digestive organs. — The mouth-cavity (Fig. 125) is large, 

 and the small gape is bounded by upper and lower lip.s, be- 

 hind which are the incisor teeth (/). On either side of the 

 cavity are the borders of the upper and lower jaws from 

 which the cheek-teeth project : these are separated from 

 the incisors by a considerable interval or diastema. Close 

 behind the upper incisors are a pair of small openings 

 leading into the naso-palatiiie canals (>i.p. c), which communi- 

 cate with the na.sal cavities but must not be confounded 

 with the internal nostrils. The roof of the oral cavity is 

 formed by the palate, the anterior part of which, or tiard 

 palate (li. p), is transversely ridged and partly supported 

 by bone {h. p' , p. 477) ; while the posterior |)art, or soft 

 palate {s. p) is smooth, its hinder, free edge forming a 

 pendulous flap, the -<ielum palati, on each side of which 

 is a tonsil consisting of connective and lymphatic tissue and 

 having the form of a small pit with a broad papilla on its 



