156 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS. 
characterized, especially H. Candolleana H. B. K., confertifolia Harn,’ 
confertifora Mart., latifolia Hayne, Olfersiana Harnu, Sellowiana 
Hayne, stigonocarpa Marv., stilbocarpa Haynz, and venosa Vauu.’ 
The origin of the copal so largely exported from the west of tropical 
Africa is even at the present day still very doubtful. Perhaps some 
of it exudes from the trunk of a living species of Cynometra.’ 
Perhaps, again, it was formerly produced by trees whose species is 
now extinct in the country,’ and in this case constitutes a sort of 
fossil resin like yellow amber.’ 
Besides these resinous matters and the astringent principles of which 
we have spoken, the wood of Cesalpiniee often contains colouring 
matters ; so that several of these plants are prized by the dyer. We 
shall review the chief of them. 
Logwood, or Campeachy-wood (Bois de Campéche, @ Inde), one of the 
best known dyestuffs, is produced by Hematorylon campechianum L.,° 
which grows not only in and around Campeachy, but in the Antilles, 
Venezuela, and Guiana. This wood, of a rather pale brownish-red 
colour, becomes bright red in the air, and blackish when exposed to 
damp. Heavy, close-grained, and taking a fine polish, it is valued 
for cabinet-making. It is its colouring principle, called hematine 
or hematoxylin, that renders the wood chiefly available for dyeing 
black, blue, or violet. The wood, moreover, contains astringent 
principles, also found in the bark and gum. These products are 
used in certain intestinal affections, and especially the decoction of 
the wood in cases of chronic diarrhoea, in the Antilles and the United 
Distr. of the Gum Copal in Angola (loc. cit., 
1 See Arzneig., t. 7-16, 18, 19.—Mant., Mat. 
301). [Seealso KiRx, On the Copal of Zanzibar 
Med. Bras., 115. 
2 Eel, Amer., ii. 31 (see p. 108, notes 3, 5). 
3. laxiflora BrentH., in Trans. Linn. Soc., 
xxv. 318. Cynometra, whose leaves often re- 
semble those of Hymenea, has more than once 
‘been confounded with it. Thus H. (Trachy- 
lobium) Martiana Hayne (loc. cit. t. 17) isa 
Cynometra, WELWITSCH (loc. cit., 295) gives 
this plant as a synonym of H. verrucosa LAME. 
The Nam-nam of India is C. cauliflora L., (Spec., 
547 ;—Lamx., Iil., t. 331, fig. 1;—DC., Prodr., 
ii. 509, n. 1). According to Rumpurus (Herb. 
Amboin., i. t. 62) its roots are purgative, and the 
oil obtained from the seeds cures itch and other 
cutaneous diseases. C. ramiflora L. (Spec., 547 ;— 
DC.,, loc. cit., n. 2;—RHEED., Hort. Malab., iv. 
t, 31) has similar properties, 
4 This is the opinion maintained by WEL- 
WITSCH in his Obs. on the Orig. and the Geogr. 
(Journ. Linn, Soc., xi, 1) and On Copal (loc. 
cit., 479).] 
5 Among the plants producing a resin more 
or less closely allied to anime may be cited 
Daniellathurifera Benn. (in Pharmaceut. Journ., 
xiv. 251 ;—H. Bn., in Adansonia, vi. 186), which 
affords the bumbo or bungbo of Sierra Leone, and 
which has been mentioned as producing some of 
the African copal. 
§ Spec., 549.—Stoan., Hist., t. 10, fig. 1-4,— 
Buacrw., Herb., t. 463.—Lamx., I1l., t. 8340.— 
DC., Prodr., ii. 485.—Mfrz. & DeEt., Dict., iii. 
449.—Gui1B., Drog. Simpl., ed. 4, iii. 317.—A. 
Rica., Hlém., ed. 4, ii. 324.—PrrErra, Elem. 
Mat. Med., ed. 5, ii. p. ii, 845.—Linpz., Fl. 
Med., 264.—RosEntH., Syn. Plant. Diaphor., 
1035 (Lignum nephriticum HERN.) (see p. 78, 
figs. 49-51). 
