172 GERM-CELL CYCLE IN ANIMALS 
dial germ cells of other animals, but is unable to ar- 
rive at any final conclusion. 
In certain CLapocera and Coprepopa, as we have 
seen, there are visible substances within the cyto- 
plasm of the egg which become segregated in, and 
render distinguishable, the primordial germ cell. Some 
species belonging to these and other groups of Crus- 
TACEA have been studied in which such a visible sub- 
stance peculiar to the primordial germ cell is absent. 
Samassa (1893) not only failed to find the pri- 
mordial germ cell during the cleavage stages of 
Moina rectirostris, but claims that the germ cells 
arise from four mesoderm cells. Kiihn (1908), from 
a study of the parthenogenetic generation of Daphnia 
pulex and Polyphemus pediculus, also derives the germ 
cells from the mesoderm. Vollmer (1912) could not 
distinguish the germ cells of Daphnia magna and D. 
pulex in the developing winter eggs until the blasto- 
derm was almost completed and Miiller-Calé (1913) 
could not find these cells in Cypris incongruens until 
the germ layers were fully formed. McClendon 
(1906a) has shown that in two parasitic copepods, 
Pandarus sinuatus and an unnamed species, the pri- 
mordial germ cell is established at the end of the 
fifth cleavage (32-cell stage) instead of at the end of 
the fourth as Haecker (1897) found in Cyclops. It 
is suggested that this delay may be due to the large 
amount of yolk present. The stem-cell from which 
it arises is, however, not made visibly different from 
the rest of the blastoderm by peculiar granules as is 
the case in Cyclops. 
